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Mass Models for Spiral Galaxies from Two-dimensional Velocity Maps
We model the mass distributions of 40 high surface brightness spiralgalaxies inside their optical radii, deriving parameters of mass modelsby matching the predicted velocities to observed velocity maps. We useconstant mass-to-light disk and bulge models, and we have tried fitswith no halo and with three different halo density profiles. The datarequire a halo in most, but not all, cases, while in others the best fitoccurs with negligible mass in the luminous component, which we regardas unphysical. All three adopted halo profiles lead to fits of about thesame quality, and our data therefore do not constrain the functionalform of the halo profile. The halo parameters display large degeneraciesfor two of the three adopted halo functions, but the separate luminousand dark masses are better constrained. However, the fitted disk andhalo masses vary substantially between the adopted halo models,indicating that even high-quality two-dimensional optical velocity mapsdo not provide significant constraints on the dark matter content of agalaxy. We demonstrate that data from long-slit observations are likelyto provide still weaker constraints. We conclude that additionalinformation is needed in order to constrain the separate disk and halomasses in a galaxy.
| Precision Velocity Fields in Spiral Galaxies. II. Rotation Curves
Imaging Fabry-Perot data has been acquired for a sample of sevenlate-type spiral galaxies from which two-dimensional velocity fieldshave been constructed on a subkiloparsec resolution scale. The kinematicdisk (i.e., tilted ring) modeling procedure is used to fit the velocityfield and recover its rotational structure. From this fit, differentschemes are used to extract the major-axis rotation curve, as well asvelocity profiles along the minor axis. Rotation curves found fromdeprojection of the velocity field using mean geometric parametersinvariably produce small-scale ``bumps and wiggles,'' which are areflection of the inclusion of noncircular motions. In the best-rotationcurve method, the rotation curve is derived from the best fit to theentire velocity field. This method is shown to minimize the effects ofnoncircular motions. The kinematic center of the velocity field isallowed to vary, and those results are directly compared with caseswhere the kinematic center is held fixed. In virtually all cases, wefind that the variable center model produces the smoothest and mostsymmetric rotation curves and minor-axis velocity profiles. Our resultsindicate that the kinematic center of mass is moving around in thesedisk systems with an amplitude of plus or minus ~300 pc. Finally, weinvestigate the effects of small, systematic errors in centering andfind that small minor-axis displacements can artificially producespurious slopes in the rotation curve at large radius, includingproducing rotation curves that are apparently falling.
| Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups
In this paper we describe the Nearby Optical Galaxy (NOG) sample, whichis a complete, distance-limited (cz<=6000 km s-1) andmagnitude-limited (B<=14) sample of ~7000 optical galaxies. Thesample covers 2/3 (8.27 sr) of the sky (|b|>20deg) andappears to have a good completeness in redshift (97%). We select thesample on the basis of homogenized corrected total blue magnitudes inorder to minimize systematic effects in galaxy sampling. We identify thegroups in this sample by means of both the hierarchical and thepercolation ``friends-of-friends'' methods. The resulting catalogs ofloose groups appear to be similar and are among the largest catalogs ofgroups currently available. Most of the NOG galaxies (~60%) are found tobe members of galaxy pairs (~580 pairs for a total of ~15% of objects)or groups with at least three members (~500 groups for a total of ~45%of objects). About 40% of galaxies are left ungrouped (field galaxies).We illustrate the main features of the NOG galaxy distribution. Comparedto previous optical and IRAS galaxy samples, the NOG provides a densersampling of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe. Given itslarge sky coverage, the identification of groups, and its high-densitysampling, the NOG is suited to the analysis of the galaxy density fieldof the nearby universe, especially on small scales.
| Maximum Disk Mass Models for Spiral Galaxies
We present axisymmetric maximum disk mass models for a sample of 74spiral galaxies taken from the southern sky Fabry-Perot Tully-Fishersurvey by Schommer et al. The sample contains galaxies spanning a largerange of morphologies and having rotation widths from 180 km s-1 to 680 km s -1. For each galaxy we have an I-bandimage and a two-dimensional Hα velocity field. We decompose thedisk and bulge by fitting models directly to the I-band image. Thismethod utilizes both the distinct surface brightness profiles and shapesof the projected disk and bulge in the galaxy images. The luminosityprofiles and rotation curves are derived using consistent centers,position angles, and inclinations derived from the photometry andvelocity maps. The distribution of mass is modeled as a sum of disk andbulge components with distinct, constant mass-to-light ratios. No darkmatter halo is included in the fits. The models reproduce the overallstructure of the rotation curves in the majority of galaxies, providinggood fits to galaxies that exhibit pronounced structural differences intheir surface brightness profiles. Of galaxies for which the rotationcurve is measured to R23.5 or beyond 75% are well fitted by amass-traces-light model for the entire region within R23.5.The models for about 20% of the galaxies do not fit well; the failure ofmost of these models is traced directly to nonaxisymmetric structures,primarily bars but also strong spiral arms. The median I-band M/L of thedisk plus bulge is 2.4+/-0.9 h75 in solar units, consistentwith normal stellar populations. These results require either that themass of dark matter within the optical disk of spiral galaxies is smallor that its distribution is very precisely coupled to the distributionof luminous matter.
| Precision Velocity Fields in Spiral Galaxies. I. Noncircular Motions and rms Noise in Disks
Investigation of the symmetry of the major- and minor-axis rotationcurves reveals strong evidence of nonconcentric gas orbits with themaximum center shift of ~300 pc. Comparisons between kinematic andphotometric structure (e.g., position angles, inclinations, centers)show considerable noise on small scales. Although large-scale averagesare in agreement, this noise is a matter of some concern in theapplication of the Tully-Fisher method to disk galaxies. Moreover, casesof significant misalignment in position angle between the inner andouter disks are seen in two of the sample galaxies and may indicate thetransition between luminous and dark-matter-dominated regions (i.e.,where the maximum-disk hypothesis begins to fail). The kinematic diskmodels are used to find the residual velocity fields, and typicalresiduals are found to be 10-15 km s-1 over regions 0.5-1.5kpc in diameter. Correlations are shown to exist between the residualvelocity fields and both the Hα intensity and the velocitydispersion images. This suggests that kinematic feedback to the gas fromstar formation is an important source of noncircular motion. However,the relative quiescence of the large-scale velocity field indicates thatthe effect does not cause a significant deviation from circularsymmetry, kinematically indicating that star formation is not a hiddenparameter in the Tully-Fisher relation. Finally, the residual velocityfields are examined for signs of noncircular orbits by looking forazimuthal angular harmonics that would be present if disk galaxies areembedded in a triaxial dark matter potential. For our sample we find theellipticity of the gas orbits to be <~0.08, which implies thepotential is relatively round. This is consistent with disks beingmaximal.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| A catalogue of spatially resolved kinematics of galaxies: Bibliography
We present a catalogue of galaxies for which spatially resolved data ontheir internal kinematics have been published; there is no a priorirestriction regarding their morphological type. The catalogue lists thereferences to the articles where the data are published, as well as acoded description of these data: observed emission or absorption lines,velocity or velocity dispersion, radial profile or 2D field, positionangle. Tables 1, 2, and 3 are proposed in electronic form only, and areavailable from the CDS, via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (to130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Homogeneous Velocity-Distance Data for Peculiar Velocity Analysis. III. The Mark III Catalog of Galaxy Peculiar Velocities
This is the third in a series of papers in which we assemble and analyzea homogeneous catalog of peculiar velocity data. In Papers I and II, wedescribed the Tully-Fisher (TF) redshift-distance samples thatconstitute the bulk of the catalog and our methodology for obtainingmutually consistent TF calibrations for these samples. In this paper, wesupply further technical details of the treatment of the data andpresent a subset of the catalog in tabular form. The full catalog, knownas the Mark III Catalog of Galaxy Peculiar Velocities, is available inaccessible on-line databases, as described herein. The electroniccatalog incorporates not only the TF samples discussed in Papers I andII but also elliptical galaxy Dn- sigma samples originally presentedelsewhere. The relative zero pointing of the elliptical and spiral datasets is discussed here. The basic elements of the Mark III Catalog arethe observables for each object (redshift, magnitude, velocity width,etc.) and inferred distances derived from the TF or Dn- sigma relations.Distances obtained from both the forward and inverse TF relations aretabulated for the spirals. Malmquist bias--corrected distances arecomputed for each catalog object using density fields obtained from theIRAS 1.2 Jy redshift survey. Distances for both individual objects andgroups are provided. A variety of auxiliary data, including distancesand local densities predicted from the IRAS redshift surveyreconstruction method, are tabulated as well. We study the distributionsof TF residuals for three of our samples and conclude that they are wellapproximated as Gaussian. However, for the Mathewson et al. sample wedemonstrate a significant decrease in TF scatter with increasingvelocity width. We test for, but find no evidence of, a correlationbetween TF residuals and galaxy morphology. Finally, we derivetransformations that map the apparent magnitude and velocity width datafor each spiral sample onto a common system. This permits theapplication of analysis methods that assume that a unique TF relationdescribes the entire sample.
| Optical Rotation Curves and Linewidths for Tully-Fisher Applications
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1997AJ....114.2402C&db_key=AST
| The I band Tully-Fisher relation for cluster galaxies: data presentation.
Observational parameters which can be used for redshift-independentdistance determination using the Tully-Fisher (TF) technique are givenfor \ntot spiral galaxies in the fields of 24 clusters or groups. I bandphotometry for the full sample was either obtained by us or compiledfrom published literature. Rotational velocities are derived either from21 cm spectra or optical emission line long-slit spectra, and convertedto a homogeneous scale. In addition to presenting the data, a discussionof the various sources of error on TF parameters is introduced, and thecriteria for the assignment of membership to each cluster are given.
| Scaleheights of 486 southern spiral galaxies and some statistical correlation
Based on Peng's method (1988), we obtain scaleheights of 486 southernspiral galaxies, the images of which are taken from the Digitized SkySurvey at Xinglong Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory. Thefitted spiral arms of 70 galaxies are compared with their images to gettheir optimum inclinations. The scaleheights of other 416 ones arelisted in Table A1 in Appendix. After compiling and analyzing the data,we find some statistical correlations. The most interesting results arethat a flatter galaxy is bluer and looks brighter, and galaxies becomeflatter along the Hubble sequence Sab -- Scd. Based on photographic dataof the National Geographic Society -- Palomar Observatory Sky Survey(NGS-POSS) obtained using the Oschin Telescope Palomar Mountain. TheNGS-POSS was funded by a grant from the National Geographic Society tothe California Institute of Technology. The plates were processed intothe present compressed digital form with their permission. The DigitizedSky Survey was produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute underUS Government grant NAG W-2166. Table A1 is available in electronic fromonly, via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 orhttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I. The dark matter connection
We use a homogeneous sample of about 1100 optical and radio rotationcurves (RCs) and relative surface photometry to investigate the mainmass structure properties of spirals, over a range of 6 mag and out to<~1.5 and 2 optical radii (for the optical and radio data,respectively). We confirm the strong dependence on luminosity for boththe profile and the amplitude of RCs claimed by Persic & Salucci.Spiral RCs show the striking feature that a single global parameter,e.g. luminosity, dictates the rotational velocity at any radius for anyobject, so revealing the existence of a universal RC. At highluminosities, there is a slight discrepancy between the profiles of RCsand those predicted from the luminous matter (LM) distributions: thisimplies a small, yet detectable, amount of dark matter (DM). At lowluminosities, the failure of the LM prediction is much more severe, andthe DM is the only relevant mass component. We show that the universalRC implies a number of scaling properties between dark and luminousgalactic structure parameters: (i) the DM/LM mass ratio scales inverselywith luminosity; (ii) the central halo density scales as L^-0.7 (iii)the halo core radius is comparable to the optical radius, but shrinksfor low luminosities; (iv) the total halo mass scales as L^0.5. Suchscaling properties can be represented as a curve in the(luminosity)-(DM/LM mass ratio)-(DM core radius)-(DM central density)space, which provides a geometrical description of the tight couplingbetween the dark and the luminous matter in spiral galaxies.
| Parameters of 2447 Southern Spiral Galaxies for Use in the Tully-Fisher Relation
I-band luminosities, rotational velocities, and redshifts of 1092 spiralgalaxies have been measured by CCD photometry and Hα spectroscopyusing the 1 m and 2.3 m telescopes at Siding Spring Observatory,respectively. The results are tabulated. Luminosity profiles andHα rotation curves are given for the galaxies. When these resultsare combined with similar data for 1355 spiral galaxies publishedpreviously (Mathewson, Ford, & Buchhorn, hereafter Paper I), itprovides a large, uniform, and unique data set with which to measure,via the Tully-Fisher relation, the peculiar velocities of galaxies inthe local universe to a distance of 11,000 km s^-1^ (Mathewson &Ford). Taking advantage of the opportunity for publishing this data inmachine-readable form, in the CD-ROM, we have also included similar datafor the 1355 galaxies in Paper I.
| Rotation Curves of 967 Spiral Galaxies
We present the rotation curves of 967 southern spiral galaxies, obtainedby deprojecting and folding the raw Hα data originally publishedby Mathewson, Ford, & Buchhorn (1992). For 900 objects, we alsopresent, in figures and tables, the rotation curves smoothed on scalescorresponding to 5%-20% of the optical size; of these, 80 meet objectiveexcellence criteria and are suitable for individual detailed massmodeling, while 820, individually less compelling mainly because of themoderate statistics and/or limited extension, are suitable forstatistical studies. The remaining 67 curves suffer from severeasymmetries, small statistics, and large internal scatter that maylargely limit their use in galaxy structure studies. The deprojectedfolded curves, the smoothed curves, and various related quantities areavailable via anonymous ftp at galileo.sissa.it in the directory/users/ftp/pub/psrot.
| Recalibration of the H-0.5 magnitudes of spiral galaxies
The H-magnitude aperture data published by the Aaronson et al.collaboration over a 10 year period is collected into a homogeneous dataset of 1731 observations of 665 galaxies. Ninety-six percent of thesegalaxies have isophotal diameters and axial ratios determined by theThird Reference Cataloque of Bright Galaxies (RC3; de Vaucouleurs et al.1991), the most self-consistent set of optical data currently available.The precepts governing the optical data in the RC3 are systematicallydifferent from those of the Second Reference Catalogue (de Vaucouleurs,de Vaucouleurs, & Corwin 1976), which were used by Aaronson et al.for their original analyses of galaxy peculiar motions. This in turnleads to systematic differences in growth curves and fiducialH-magnitudes, prompting the present recalibration of the near-infraredTully-Fisher relationship. New optically normalized H-magnitude growthcurves are defined for galaxies of types SO to Im, from which new valuesof fiducial H-magnitudes, Hg-0.5, are measured forthe 665 galaxies. A series of internal tests show that these fourstandard growth curves are defined to an accuracy of 0.05 mag over theinterval -1.5 less than or equal to log (A/Dg) less than orequal to -0.2. Comparisons with the Aaronson et al. values of diameters,axial ratios, and fiducial H-magnitudes show the expected differences,given the different definitions of these parameters. The values ofHg-0.5 are assigned quality indices: a qualityvalue of 1 indicates an accuracy of less than 0.2 mag, quality 2indicates an accuracy of 0.2-0.35 mag, and quality 3 indicates anaccuracy of more than 0.35 mag. Revised values of corrected H I velocitywidths are also given, based on the new set of axial ratios defiend bythe RC3.
| Satellites of spiral galaxies
We present a survey of satellites around a homogeneous set of late-typespirals with luminosity similar to that of the Milky Way. On average, wefind fewer than 1.5 satellites per primary, but we argue that we cantreat the survey as an ensemble and so derive the properties of the haloof a 'typical' isolated spiral. The projected density profile of theensemble falls off approximately as 1/r. Within 50 kpc the azimuthaldistribution of satellites shows some evidence for the 'Holmbergeffect', an excess near the minor axis of the primary; however, atlarger projected distances, the distribution appears isotropic. There isa weak but significant correlation between the size of a satellite andits distance from its primary, as expected if satellites are tidallytruncated. Neither Hubble type nor spectral characteristics correlatewith apparent separation. The ensemble of satellites appears to berotating at about 30 km/s in the same direction as the galactic disk.Satellites on prograde orbits tend to be brighter than those onretrograde orbits. The typical velocity difference between a satelliteand its primary shows no clear dependence either on apparent separation,or on the rotation speed of the primary. Thus our survey demonstratesthat isolated spiral galaxies have massive halos that extend to manyoptical radii.
| Measuring galaxy distances from optical rotation curves
A distance indicator for spiral galaxies is described using detailedrotation curves derived from H-alpha velocities fields and I band CCDphotometry. Two-dimensional velocity fields are obtained with an imagingFabry-Perot spectrometer, with a velocity accuracy of better than 10km/s. Rotation curves, based upon rotating disks geometries, are fit tothese velocity fields. The I band photometry profiles, and theindividual rotation curves for 75 galaxies are presented. The extractedcircular velocity is combined with I band magnitudes to form aTully-Fisher relation, with a scatter of about 0.25-0.3 mag. As anexample, the data are used to derive the relative distance modulusbetween the Hydra and Antlia clusters, which yields a peculiar motionfor Antlia of 900 +/- 100 km/s. This confirms previous detections oflarge peculiar motions in the Hydra-Centaurus region.
| General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups
We present a whole sky catalog of nearby groups of galaxies taken fromthe Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database. From the 78,000 objects in thedatabase, we extracted a sample of 6392 galaxies, complete up to thelimiting apparent magnitude B0 = 14.0. Moreover, in order to considersolely the galaxies of the local universe, all the selected galaxieshave a known recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s. Two methods wereused in group construction: a Huchra-Geller (1982) derived percolationmethod and a Tully (1980) derived hierarchical method. Each method gaveus one catalog. These were then compared and synthesized to obtain asingle catalog containing the most reliable groups. There are 485 groupsof a least three members in the final catalog.
| A southern sky survey of the peculiar velocities of 1355 spiral galaxies
The paper presents data from photometric and spectroscopic observationsof 1355 southern spiral galaxies and uses them to determine theirdistances and peculiar velocities via the Tully-Fisher (TF) relation.I-band CCD surface photometry was carried out using the 1-m and 3.9-mtelescopes at Siding Spring Observatory. H-alpha rotation curves for 965galaxies and 551 H I profiles are presented. The physical parameters,photometric and velocity data, distances, and peculiar velocities of thegalaxies are presented in tabular form. The mean distance, systemicvelocity, and average peculiar velocity of 24 clusters in the sample aregiven. TF diagrams are presented for each cluster.
| I-band CCD surface photometry of spiral galaxies in 16 nearby clusters
Results of I-band CCD surface photometry for 284 spiral galaxies in 16clusters in the redshift range from 3000 to 11,000 km/s are presented.Various effects on surface photometry are discussed, and the relevantcorrections are outlined.
| The local anomaly of the extragalactic velocity field
The question of the value of the Hubble expansion rate at mediumdistance is reinvestigated. The I-band CCD photometry of a nearlycomplete sample of Virgo spiral galaxies, combined with 21 cmlinewidths, is used to derive an unbiased distance modulus of roughly30.9 for Virgo. Massive spirals are used to determine a nearly bias-freevalue of the retardation velocity of the Local Group assuming aVirgocentric flow model. The inferred value of the Hubble expansion ratein the direction of Virgo, roughly 85 km/s/Mpc, is consistent with theexpansion rate for field galaxies in the Local Supercluster providedthat the old version of the blue Tully-Fisher relation has an intrinsicscatter of about 0.6 mag at a given linewidth. The mass of the LocalGroup and the excess density required to explain a local value ofH(local) = 75 km/s/Mpc over 6-7 Mpc are determined.
| Large peculiar velocities in the Hydra-Centaurus supercluster
Distances from the infrared Tully-Fisher relation have been obtainedwith the Parkes radio telescope for six clusters of galaxies in theHydra-Centaurus supercluster. Three of these clusters show significantpositive peculiar velocities of order 500 km/s in a comoving referenceframe in which the observer is at rest with respect to the cosmicmicrowave background radiation. The net peculiar velocity of the samplesuggests that Hydra-Centaurus tends to share the motion of the LocalGroup in this reference frame. The data also fit a model in which twomass concentrations, one at Virgo and one just beyond the centroid ofthe Parkes sample, perturb the Hubble flow.
| A wide angle redshift survey of the Hydra-Centaurus region
Spectroscopic observations of 266 galaxies in the Hya-Cen region arereported. Redshift data obtained at 350-700 nm with dispersion 21 nm/mmusing the UNIT spectrograph and RPCS detector on the 1.9-m RadcliffeReflector telescope at SAO during March 1985, May 1986, and March 1987are presented in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. It isshown that the Hya supercluster is separated from the Cen superclusterby a large void at right ascension 11 h 40 min, declination -35 deg, andradial velocity 5200 km/sec; a bridge of galaxies at velocity about 3200km/sec connects the two superclusters.
| H I observations of galaxies in between the Local and the Hydra/Centaurus superclusters
H I observations obtained with the 300-ft NRAO and 100-m Effelsbergradio telescopes in 1984-1985 are reported for 440 galaxies, ofmorphological types S0/a or later and diameter at least 2 arcmin in thecatalog of de Vaucouleurs et al., 1976, from the region between theLocal and Hya/Cen superclusters. The data are compiled in tables alongwith published data on 310 galaxies to form a data base for studies offilamentary structures in the intercluster region. More than 50 percentof the galaxies are detected in H I, and the redshift distribution isfound to be consistent with the existence of filaments.
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