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Chemical Evolution of Zinc in the Galaxy
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| A new stellar library in the region of the CO index at 2.3 μm. New index definition and empirical fitting functions
Context: The analysis of unresolved stellar populations demandsevolutionary synthesis models with realistic physical ingredients andextended wavelength coverage. Aims: We quantitatively describe thefirst CO bandhead at 2.3 μm to allow stellar population models toprovide improved predictions in this wavelength range. Methods: Weobserved a new stellar library with a better coverage of the stellaratmospheric parameter space than in earlier works. We performed adetailed analysis of the robustness of previous CO index definitionswith spectral resolution, wavelength calibration, signal-to-noise ratio,and flux calibration. Results: We define a new line-strength index forthe first CO bandhead at 2.3 μm, D_CO, better suited for stellarpopulation studies than previous index definitions. We derive empiricalfitting functions for the CO feature as a function of the stellarparameters (T_eff, log g and [Fe/H]), showing a detailed quantitativemetallicity dependence.
| Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters
We present a homogeneous set of stellar atmospheric parameters(Teff, logg, [Fe/H]) for MILES, a new spectral stellarlibrary covering the range λλ 3525-7500Å at2.3Å (FWHM) spectral resolution. The library consists of 985 starsspanning a large range in atmospheric parameters, from super-metal-rich,cool stars to hot, metal-poor stars. The spectral resolution, spectraltype coverage and number of stars represent a substantial improvementover previous libraries used in population synthesis models. Theatmospheric parameters that we present here are the result of aprevious, extensive compilation from the literature. In order toconstruct a homogeneous data set of atmospheric parameters we have takenthe sample of stars of Soubiran, Katz & Cayrel, which has very welldetermined fundamental parameters, as the standard reference system forour field stars, and have calibrated and bootstrapped the data fromother papers against it. The atmospheric parameters for our clusterstars have also been revised and updated according to recent metallicityscales, colour-temperature relations and improved set of isochrones.
| Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra
A new stellar library developed for stellar population synthesismodelling is presented. The library consists of 985 stars spanning alarge range in atmospheric parameters. The spectra were obtained at the2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope and cover the range λλ3525-7500 Å at 2.3 Å (full width at half-maximum) spectralresolution. The spectral resolution, spectral-type coverage,flux-calibration accuracy and number of stars represent a substantialimprovement over previous libraries used in population-synthesis models.
| Sulfur Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars Based on OAO-1.88m/HIDES Spectra
The LTE abundances of sulfur (S) of 21 metal-poor stars and one normalstar were explored in the metallicity range of -3 < [Fe/H] ≤ 0,based on the equivalent widths of the S I (1) 9212, 9237Å and S I(6) 8693, 9894Å lines measured on high-resolution spectra, whichwere observed by the OAO 1.88-m telescope equipped with HIDES. Our mainresults are: (1) The abundances derived from the S I (6) lines areconsistent with those from the S I (1) lines among our sample stars inthe range of [Fe/H] > -2 with an average difference of +0.03 ±0.05 dex, whereas a significant discrepancy is observed in the range of[Fe/H] ≤ -2. (2) The behavior of [S(6)/Fe], versus [Fe/H] of ourhalo sample stars exhibits a nearly flat trend with an average of +0.62± 0.09 dex in the range of -3 < [Fe/H] < -1.25, and shows adistribution around +0.29 dex in -1.25 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ -0.7. Oursample stars with -1.25 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ -0.5 follow an increasingtrend with decreasing [Fe/H]. The behavior of [S(1)/Fe] of our samplestars also shows essentially the same trend as [S(6)/Fe], though it isquantitatively different. (3) The S behavior in the range of -3 <[Fe/H] ≤ 0 inferred from the abundances of multiplets 6 and 1 arequalitatively consistent with each other, and may be represented by acombination of a nearly flat trend and a linearly increasing trend withdecreasing [Fe/H]. A transition of the trend is likely to occur at[Fe/H] -1.5 dex.
| The Indo-US Library of Coudé Feed Stellar Spectra
We have obtained spectra for 1273 stars using the 0.9 m coudéfeed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. This telescope feedsthe coudé spectrograph of the 2.1 m telescope. The spectra havebeen obtained with the no. 5 camera of the coudé spectrograph anda Loral 3K×1K CCD. Two gratings have been used to provide spectralcoverage from 3460 to 9464 Å, at a resolution of ~1 Å FWHMand at an original dispersion of 0.44 Å pixel-1. For885 stars we have complete spectra over the entire 3460 to 9464 Åwavelength region (neglecting small gaps of less than 50 Å), andpartial spectral coverage for the remaining stars. The 1273 stars havebeen selected to provide broad coverage of the atmospheric parametersTeff, logg, and [Fe/H], as well as spectral type. The goal ofthe project is to provide a comprehensive library of stellar spectra foruse in the automated classification of stellar and galaxy spectra and ingalaxy population synthesis. In this paper we discuss thecharacteristics of the spectral library, viz., details of theobservations, data reduction procedures, and selection of stars. We alsopresent a few illustrations of the quality and information available inthe spectra. The first version of the complete spectral library is nowpublicly available from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory(NOAO) via ftp and http.
| Empirically Constrained Color-Temperature Relations. II. uvby
A new grid of theoretical color indices for the Strömgren uvbyphotometric system has been derived from MARCS model atmospheres and SSGsynthetic spectra for cool dwarf and giant stars having-3.0<=[Fe/H]<=+0.5 and 3000<=Teff<=8000 K. Atwarmer temperatures (i.e., 8000-2.0. To overcome thisproblem, the theoretical indices at intermediate and high metallicitieshave been corrected using a set of color calibrations based on fieldstars having well-determined distances from Hipparcos, accurateTeff estimates from the infrared flux method, andspectroscopic [Fe/H] values. In contrast with Paper I, star clustersplayed only a minor role in this analysis in that they provided asupplementary constraint on the color corrections for cool dwarf starswith Teff<=5500 K. They were mainly used to test thecolor-Teff relations and, encouragingly, isochrones thatemploy the transformations derived in this study are able to reproducethe observed CMDs (involving u-v, v-b, and b-y colors) for a number ofopen and globular clusters (including M67, the Hyades, and 47 Tuc)rather well. Moreover, our interpretations of such data are verysimilar, if not identical, with those given in Paper I from aconsideration of BV(RI)C observations for the sameclusters-which provides a compelling argument in support of thecolor-Teff relations that are reported in both studies. Inthe present investigation, we have also analyzed the observedStrömgren photometry for the classic Population II subdwarfs,compared our ``final'' (b-y)-Teff relationship with thosederived empirically in a number of recent studies and examined in somedetail the dependence of the m1 index on [Fe/H].Based, in part, on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope,operated jointly on the island of La Palma by Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Norway, and Sweden, in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de losMuchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.Based, in part, on observations obtained with the Danish 1.54 mtelescope at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.
| Non-LTE Analysis of the Sodium Abundance of Metal-Poor Stars in the Galactic Disk and Halo
We performed an extensive non-LTE analysis of the neutral sodium linesof Na I 5683/5688, 5890/5896, 6154/6161, and 8183/8195 in disk/halostars of types F-K covering a wide metallicity range (-4 <≈[Fe/H] <≈ +0.4), using our own data as well as data collectedfrom the literature. For comparatively metal-rich disk stars (-1<≈ [Fe/H] <≈ +0.4) where the weaker 6154/6161 linesare the best abundance indicators, we confirmed [Na/Fe] 0 with an"upturn" (i.e., a shallow/broad dip around -0.5 <≈ [Fe/H]<≈ 0) as already reported in previous studies. For themetal-deficient halo stars, where the much stronger 5890/5896 or8183/8195 lines subject to considerable (negative) non-LTE correctionsamounting to 0.5 dex have to be used, our analysis suggests mildly"subsolar" [Na/Fe] values down to -0.4 (with a somewhat largescatter of ± 0.2 dex) on the average at the typical halometallicity of [Fe/H] -2, followed by a rise again to a near-solarratio of [Na/Fe] 0 at the very metal-poor regime [Fe/H] -3to -4. These results are discussed in comparison with the previousobservational studies along with the theoretical predictions from theavailable chemical evolution models.
| Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations for FGK stars: 2001 edition
The catalogue presented here is a compilation of published atmosphericparameters (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]) obtained from highresolution, high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations. This newedition has changed compared to the five previous versions. It is nowrestricted to intermediate and low mass stars (F, G and K stars). Itcontains 6354 determinations of (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]) for3356 stars, including 909 stars in 79 stellar systems. The literature iscomplete between January 1980 and December 2000 and includes 378references. The catalogue is made up of two tables, one for field starsand one for stars in galactic associations, open and globular clustersand external galaxies. The catalogue is distributed through the CDSdatabase. Access to the catalogue with cross-identification to othersets of data is also possible with VizieR (Ochsenbein et al.\cite{och00}). The catalogue (Tables 1 and 2) is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/373/159 and VizieRhttp://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/.
| The effective temperature scale of giant stars (F0-K5). I. The effective temperature determination by means of the IRFM
We have applied the InfraRed Flux Method (IRFM) to a sample ofapproximately 500 giant stars in order to derive their effectivetemperatures with an internal mean accuracy of about 1.5% and a maximumuncertainty in the zero point of the order of 0.9%. For the applicationof the IRFM, we have used a homogeneous grid of theoretical modelatmosphere flux distributions developed by \cite[Kurucz (1993)]{K93}.The atmospheric parameters of the stars roughly cover the ranges: 3500 K<= T_eff <= 8000 K; -3.0 <= [Fe/H] <= +0.5; 0.5 <= log(g) <= 3.5. The monochromatic infrared fluxes at the continuum arebased on recent photometry with errors that satisfy the accuracyrequirements of the work. We have derived the bolometric correction ofgiant stars by using a new calibration which takes the effect ofmetallicity into account. Direct spectroscopic determinations ofmetallicity have been adopted where available, although estimates basedon photometric calibrations have been considered for some stars lackingspectroscopic ones. The adopted infrared absolute flux calibration,based on direct optical measurements of stellar angular diameters, putsthe effective temperatures determined in this work in the same scale asthose obtained by direct methods. We have derived up to fourtemperatures, TJ, TH, TK and T_{L'},for each star using the monochromatic fluxes at different infraredwavelengths in the photometric bands J, H, K and L'. They show goodconsistency over 4000 K, and there is no appreciable trend withwavelength, metallicity and/or temperature. We provide a detaileddescription of the steps followed for the application of the IRFM, aswell as the sources of error and their effect on final temperatures. Wealso provide a comparison of the results with previous work.
| Broad-band JHK(L') photometry of a sample of giants with 0.5 > [Fe/H] > -3
We present the results of a three-year campaign of broad-band photometryin the near-infrared J, H, K and L' bands for a sample of approximately250 giant stars carried out at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife,Spain). Transformations of the Telescopio Carlos Sanchez systeminto/from several currently used infrared systems are extended to theredward part of the colour axis. The linearity of our photometric systemin the range -3 mag [Fe/H] >-3. Data of comparable quality previouslypublished have been added to the sample in order to increase thereliability of the relations to be obtained. We also provide mean IRcolours for giant stars according to spectral type.ables 1, 2 and 3 are only available in electronic form via the CDS(anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 or http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| A catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations: 1996 edition
A fifth Edition of the Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations is presentedherewith. It contains 5946 determinations for 3247 stars, including 751stars in 84 associations, clusters or galaxies. The literature iscomplete up to December 1995. The 700 bibliographical referencescorrespond to [Fe/H] determinations obtained from high resolutionspectroscopic observations and detailed analyses, most of them carriedout with the help of model-atmospheres. The Catalogue is made up ofthree formatted files: File 1: field stars, File 2: stars in galacticassociations and clusters, and stars in SMC, LMC, M33, File 3: numberedlist of bibliographical references The three files are only available inelectronic form at the Centre de Donnees Stellaires in Strasbourg, viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Classification of Population II Stars in the Vilnius Photometric System. I. Methods
The methods used for classification of Population II stars in theVilnius photometric system are described. An extensive set of standardswith known astrophysical parameters compiled from the literature sourcesis given. These standard stars are classified in the Vilnius photometricsystem using the methods described. The accuracy of classification isevaluated by a comparison of the astrophysical parameters derived fromthe Vilnius photometric system with those estimated from spectroscopicstudies as well as from photometric data in other systems. For dwarfsand subdwarfs, we find a satisfactory agreement between our reddeningsand those estimated in the uvbyscriptstyle beta system. The standarddeviation of [Fe/H] deter mined in the Vilnius system is about 0.2 dex.The absolute magnitude for dwarfs and subdwarfs is estimated with anaccuracy of scriptstyle <=0.5 mag.
| Progress report on the radial velocity measurement programme of population II stars.
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| A catalogue of Fe/H determinations - 1991 edition
A revised version of the catalog of Fe/H determinations published by G.Cayrel et al. (1985) is presented. The catalog contains 3252 Fe/Hdeterminations for 1676 stars. The literature is complete up to December1990. The catalog includes only Fe/H determinations obtained from highresolution spectroscopic observations based on detailed spectroscopicanalyses, most of them carried out with model atmospheres. The catalogcontains a good number of Fe/H determinations for stars from open andglobular clusters and for some supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds.
| Radial velocities of Population II stars. I
Radial velocity measurements are presented for 81 Population II stars.The sample comprises components of metal-poor binary stars,spectroscopic binary candidates, high latitude supergiants,metal-deficient stars with spectroscopic determinations of Fe/H,HIPPARCOS program stars, and some other stars of metal-poor population.The radial velocity measurements were made in February 1988 with aphotoelectric stellar velocimeter.
| Photometrical Processing of CCD Images of Galaxies
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| Near-IR features in late type stars - Their relation with stellar atmosphere parameters
CCD spectroscopic observations for a sample of 106 late type stars plusthree galactic globular clusters in the near-IR are presented. The mostprominent features in that spectral region, the IR Ca-II triplet (8498,8542, 8662A) and the Mg-I line at 8807 A, are measured and theirdependence on the stellar atmosphere parameters (surface gravity,effective temperature and metal content) is analyzed. In agreement withwhat is found in previous studies, the Ca-II triplet strength showsbiparametrical behavior with surface gravity and metal abundance. The IRMg-I line strength is also biparametric, depending mainly on metalabundance and effective temperature. Principal component analysistechniques allow the prediction of the metal abundance and surfacegravity as a function of three observables: the IR Ca-II tripletstrength, the strength of the IR Mg-I line and the (R-I) color.
| Chemical Composition of the Atmospheres of 15 G-K Giants of Differing Metallicity
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| Infrared observations of metal-deficient stars
Infrared magnitudes in the J, H, K and L bands for 64 metal-deficientstars spanning a wide range in effective temperature, luminosity andmetal content are presented. An accuracy of 0.02 magnitude is obtainedfor the JHK bands and 0.03 for the L filter. Infrared-infrared andoptical-infrared color-color diagrams are discussed and compared withthe mean intrinsic tracks for Population I stars. It is concluded thatinfrared colors are not notably dependent on metallicity, with someexceptions for the reddest giants, which can be also interpreted byresidual effects in the transformation equations between differentsystems. The near infrared photometric system of the Observatorio delTeide, from the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, is also brieflydiscussed.
| Determination of effective temperatures and surface gravities of metal-deficient K-G giants in the Vilnius photometric system
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| Extremely metal-deficient red giants. IV - Equivalent widths for 36 halo giants
Further work on a study of 36 metal-poor field red giants is reported.Chemical abundances previously determined were based on model stellaratmosphere analyses of equivalent widths from photographic image-tubeechelle spectrograms obtained with with 4-m reflectors at Kitt Peak andCerro Tololo. A tabulation of the equivalent-width data (a total of 18,275 equivalent widths) is presented.
| Extremely metal-deficient red giants. III - Chemical abundance patterns in field halo giants
The chemical compositions of 36 metal-poor red giants are determined,using model-stellar-atmosphere analysis techniques, and discussed on thebasis of image-tube echelle spectrograms obtained with the 4-mtelescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory and Cerro TololoInter-American Observatory. By forcing Fe I and Fe II to yield the sameiron abundances, the spectroscopic stellar-surface gravities are found.The resulting gravities are about 0.25 dex lower than expected for 0.7solar-mass stars with the luminosities of red giants in metal-deficientglobular clusters like M92. The well-known overall enhancements of thelight metals (Na through Ti, except for Sc), and the deficiencies of theheavy s-process elements (Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba) in iron-poor stars areconfirmed by abundance analyses. The abundance trends revealed by theobservational material are described, and the implications fornucleosynthesis during halo formation are discussed.
| A catalogue of Fe/H determinations, 1984 edition
The present version of the Cayrel de Strobel et al. (1981) catalog ofFe/H abundance ratio determinations contains 1921 values for 1035 stars,which represents an augmentation over the previous publication of 48 and47 percent, respectively. In addition, the literature search conductedis complete up to December, 1983. Stellar metal abundance, effectivetemperature, spectroscopic gravity, spectral type, and photometricindices are covered.
| Metal-Deficient Giants in the Galactic Field - Catalogue and Some Physical Parameters
Not Available
| Nickel overabundances in extremely metal-deficient red giants
Local thermodynamic equilibrium model-atmosphere abundance analyses of37 metal-poor (the Fe/H abundance ratio being between -3.0 and -6.0)field red-giant stars are carried out on the basis of high-dispersionechelle spectrograms. Nickel has been found to be overabundant in allstars with an abundance ratio less than -1.8; for the mostmetal-deficient star in the sample, the Ni/Fe abundance ratio is equalto +0.8. The elements in extreme Population II stars were probablysynthesized in very massive Type II supernovae. Therefore, the resultsimply that such supernovae eject material with a much higher Ni/Fe ratiothan do the less massive and more typical supernovae that made theelements in the solar system and young stars.
| Three-dimensional calssification of F-M type halo stars in the Vilnius photometric system
Not Available
| Observations of carbon monoxide in metal-deficient stars
A sample of cool metal-deficient giant stars has been observed to obtainan estimate of the CO abundance independent of metallicity. The strengthof the 2.3-micron first-overtone carbon monoxide band was measuredphotometrically using intermediate-bandwidth filters. For late-typegiants with Fe/H from about zero to -1.5 the CO index decreases withdecreasing metallicity from the mean relation for Population I giants.Stars more metal-poor than Fe/H = -1.5 show uniformly weak orundetectable CO. Among giant stars of intermediate metallicity, thescatter in the observed CO strength as a function of Fe/H may be largerthan can be attributed to observational error. A range in the abundanceratio CNO/Fe in metal-poor field giants is suggested.
| Absolute spectral energy distributions and /Fe/H/ values of metal-poor stars and globular clusters
Absolute spectral energy distributions for 65 metal-poor stars, spanninga wide range in temperature, luminosity, and metal content, are given.Five local globular clusters and five M31 globulars are also described.The wavelength index sequence of O'Connell (1970, 1973) has been used.Continuum and feature indices are compared internally and with those ofthe Population I stellar sequence of O'Connell. His discussion of theusefulness of these indices as temperature, luminosity, and metallicitycriteria is extended to metal-poor objects. Empirical relationshipsbetween /Fe/H/ color, and certain feature indices have been calibratedand applied to 19 objects with previously undetermined /Fe/H/ values.
| UBVRI photometry of North Galactic Pole K giants. III. Search for halo stars.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972AJ.....77..730S
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Großer Bär |
| Right ascension: | 08h40m22.54s |
| Declination: | +51°45'06.5" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 7.707 |
| Distance: | 458.716 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 35.8 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -96.5 |
| B-T magnitude: | 9.014 |
| V-T magnitude: | 7.815 |
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INHABITED SKY
