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An X-Ray Search for Compact Central Sources in Supernova Remnants. II. Six Large-Diameter SNRs
We present the second in a series of studies in which we have searchedfor undiscovered neutron stars in supernova remnants (SNRs). This paperdeals with the six largest SNRs in our sample, too large for Chandra orXMM-Newton to cover in a single pointing. These SNRs are nearby, withtypical distances of <1 kpc. We therefore used the ROSAT BrightSource Catalog and past observations in the literature to identify X-raypoint sources in and near the SNRs. Out of 54 sources, we wereimmediately able to identify optical/IR counterparts to 41 from existingdata. We obtained Chandra snapshot images of the remaining 13 sources.Of these, 10 were point sources with readily identified counterparts,two were extended, and one was not detected in the Chandra observationbut is likely a flare star. One of the extended sources may be a pulsarwind nebula, but if so it is probably not associated with the nearbySNR. We are then left with no identified neutron stars in these six SNRsdown to luminosity limits of ~1032 ergs s-1. Theselimits are generally less than the luminosities of typical neutron starsof the same ages, but are compatible with some lower luminosity sourcessuch as the neutron stars in the SNRs CTA 1 and IC 443.
| Evolution of magnetic fields in stars across the upper main sequence: I. Catalogue of magnetic field measurements with FORS 1 at the VLT
To properly understand the physics of Ap and Bp stars it is particularlyimportant to identify the origin of their magnetic fields. For that, anaccurate knowledge of the evolutionary state of stars that have ameasured magnetic field is an important diagnostic. Previous resultsbased on a small and possibly biased sample suggest that thedistribution of magnetic stars with mass below 3 M_ȯ in the H-Rdiagram differs from that of normal stars in the same mass range (Hubriget al. 2000). In contrast, higher mass magnetic Bp stars may well occupythe whole main-sequence width (Hubrig, Schöller & North 2005b).In order to rediscuss the evolutionary state of upper main sequencemagnetic stars, we define a larger and bias-free sample of Ap and Bpstars with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes and reliably determinedlongitudinal magnetic fields. We used FORS 1 at the VLT in itsspectropolarimetric mode to measure the magnetic field in chemicallypeculiar stars where it was unknown or poorly known as yet. In thisfirst paper we present our results of the mean longitudinal magneticfield measurements in 136 stars. Our sample consists of 105 Ap and Bpstars, two PGa stars, 17 HgMn stars, three normal stars, and nine SPBstars. A magnetic field was for the first time detected in 57 Ap and Bpstars, in four HgMn stars, one PGa star, one normal B-type star and fourSPB stars.
| Evolutionary state of magnetic chemically peculiar stars
Context: .The photospheres of about 5-10% of the upper main sequencestars exhibit remarkable chemical anomalies. Many of these chemicallypeculiar (CP) stars have a global magnetic field, the origin of which isstill a matter of debate. Aims: .We present a comprehensivestatistical investigation of the evolution of magnetic CP stars, aimedat providing constraints to the theories that deal with the origin ofthe magnetic field in these stars. Methods: .We have collectedfrom the literature data for 150 magnetic CP stars with accurateHipparcos parallaxes. We have retrieved from the ESO archive 142 FORS1observations of circularly polarized spectra for 100 stars. From thesespectra we have measured the mean longitudinal magnetic field, anddiscovered 48 new magnetic CP stars (five of which belonging to the rareclass of rapidly oscillating Ap stars). We have determined effectivetemperature and luminosity, then mass and position in the H-R diagramfor a final sample of 194 magnetic CP stars. Results: .We foundthat magnetic stars with M > 3 ~M_ȯ are homogeneouslydistributed along the main sequence. Instead, there are statisticalindications that lower mass stars (especially those with M ≤2~M_ȯ) tend to concentrate in the centre of the main sequence band.We show that this inhomogeneous age distribution cannot be attributed tothe effects of random errors and small number statistics. Our datasuggest also that the surface magnetic flux of CP stars increases withstellar age and mass, and correlates with the rotation period. For starswith M > 3~M_ȯ, rotation periods decrease with age in a wayconsistent with the conservation of the angular momentum, while for lessmassive magnetic CP stars an angular momentum loss cannot be ruledout. Conclusions: .The mechanism that originates and sustains themagnetic field in the upper main sequence stars may be different in CPstars of different mass.
| Statistical Constraints for Astrometric Binaries with Nonlinear Motion
Useful constraints on the orbits and mass ratios of astrometric binariesin the Hipparcos catalog are derived from the measured proper motiondifferences of Hipparcos and Tycho-2 (Δμ), accelerations ofproper motions (μ˙), and second derivatives of proper motions(μ̈). It is shown how, in some cases, statistical bounds can beestimated for the masses of the secondary components. Two catalogs ofastrometric binaries are generated, one of binaries with significantproper motion differences and the other of binaries with significantaccelerations of their proper motions. Mathematical relations betweenthe astrometric observables Δμ, μ˙, and μ̈ andthe orbital elements are derived in the appendices. We find a remarkabledifference between the distribution of spectral types of stars withlarge accelerations but small proper motion differences and that ofstars with large proper motion differences but insignificantaccelerations. The spectral type distribution for the former sample ofbinaries is the same as the general distribution of all stars in theHipparcos catalog, whereas the latter sample is clearly dominated bysolar-type stars, with an obvious dearth of blue stars. We point outthat the latter set includes mostly binaries with long periods (longerthan about 6 yr).
| Catalogue of averaged stellar effective magnetic fields. I. Chemically peculiar A and B type stars
This paper presents the catalogue and the method of determination ofaveraged quadratic effective magnetic fields < B_e > for 596 mainsequence and giant stars. The catalogue is based on measurements of thestellar effective (or mean longitudinal) magnetic field strengths B_e,which were compiled from the existing literature.We analysed the properties of 352 chemically peculiar A and B stars inthe catalogue, including Am, ApSi, He-weak, He-rich, HgMn, ApSrCrEu, andall ApSr type stars. We have found that the number distribution of allchemically peculiar (CP) stars vs. averaged magnetic field strength isdescribed by a decreasing exponential function. Relations of this typehold also for stars of all the analysed subclasses of chemicalpeculiarity. The exponential form of the above distribution function canbreak down below about 100 G, the latter value representingapproximately the resolution of our analysis for A type stars.Table A.1 and its references are only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/407/631 and Tables 3 to 9are only available in electronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org
| The ROSAT all-sky survey catalogue of optically bright main-sequence stars and subgiant stars
We present X-ray data for all main-sequence and subgiant stars ofspectral types A, F, G, and K and luminosity classes IV and V listed inthe Bright Star Catalogue that have been detected as X-ray sources inthe ROSAT all-sky survey; several stars without luminosity class arealso included. The catalogue contains 980 entries yielding an averagedetection rate of 32 percent. In addition to count rates, sourcedetection parameters, hardness ratios, and X-ray fluxes we also listX-ray luminosities derived from Hipparcos parallaxes. The catalogue isalso available in electronic form via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| On the HIPPARCOS photometry of chemically peculiar B, A, and F stars
The Hipparcos photometry of the Chemically Peculiar main sequence B, A,and F stars is examined for variability. Some non-magnetic CP stars,Mercury-Manganese and metallic-line stars, which according to canonicalwisdom should not be variable, may be variable and are identified forfurther study. Some potentially important magnetic CP stars are noted.Tables 1, 2, and 3 are available only in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The HR-diagram from HIPPARCOS data. Absolute magnitudes and kinematics of BP - AP stars
The HR-diagram of about 1000 Bp - Ap stars in the solar neighbourhoodhas been constructed using astrometric data from Hipparcos satellite aswell as photometric and radial velocity data. The LM method\cite{luri95,luri96} allows the use of proper motion and radial velocitydata in addition to the trigonometric parallaxes to obtain luminositycalibrations and improved distances estimates. Six types of Bp - Apstars have been examined: He-rich, He-weak, HgMn, Si, Si+ and SrCrEu.Most Bp - Ap stars lie on the main sequence occupying the whole width ofit (about 2 mag), just like normal stars in the same range of spectraltypes. Their kinematic behaviour is typical of thin disk stars youngerthan about 1 Gyr. A few stars found to be high above the galactic planeor to have a high velocity are briefly discussed. Based on data from theESA Hipparcos astrometry satellite and photometric data collected in theGeneva system at ESO, La Silla (Chile) and at Jungfraujoch andGornergrat Observatories (Switzerland). Tables 3 and 4 are onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| High S/N Echelle spectroscopy in young stellar groups. II. Rotational velocities of early-type stars in SCO OB2.
We investigate the rotational velocities of early-type stars in the ScoOB2 association. We measure v.sin(i) for 156 established and probablemembers of the association. The measurements are performed with threedifferent techniques, which are in increasing order of expectedv.sin(i): 1) converting the widths of spectral lines directly tov.sin(i), 2) comparing artificially broadened spectra of low v.sin(i)stars to the target spectrum, 3) comparing the HeI λ4026 lineprofile to theoretical models. The sample is extended with literaturedata for 47 established members of Sco OB2. Analysis of the v.sin(i)distributions shows that there are no significant differences betweenthe subgroups of Sco OB2. We find that members of the binary populationof Sco OB2 on the whole rotate more slowly than the single stars. Inaddition, we find that the B7-B9 single star members rotatesignificantly faster than their B0-B6 counterparts. We test varioushypotheses for the distribution of v.sin(i) in the association. Theresults show that we cannot clearly exclude any form of randomdistribution of the direction and/or magnitude of the intrinsicrotational velocity vector. We also investigate the effects of rotationon colours in the Walraven photometric system. We show that positions ofB7-B9 single dwarfs above the main sequence are a consequence ofrotation. This establishes the influence of rotation on the Walravencolours, due primarily to surface gravity effects.
| The Relation between Rotational Velocities and Spectral Peculiarities among A-Type Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995ApJS...99..135A&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. V. The mean quadratic magnetic field.
Systematic determinations of the mean quadratic magnetic field of Apstars have been performed for the first time. The mean quadraticmagnetic field (or, in short, the quadratic field) is the square root ofthe sum of the mean square magnetic field modulus and of the mean squarelongitudinal magnetic field. The latter are averages over the visiblestellar disk of the square of, respectively, the modulus of the magneticfield and its component along the line of sight. These averages areweighted by the local emergent line intensities. The quadratic field isdiagnosed from the study of the magnetic broadening of the stellarspectral lines as observed in unpolarized light, through thecharacterization of the widths of the lines by the second-order momentsof their profiles (in the Stokes parameter I) about their centre. Thetheoretical basis of the interpretation of these moments in terms ofmagnetic field and the strategy followed in the analysis are presented.It is shown that this analysis yields, as a by-product, the projectedequatorial velocity v_e_sini of the studied stars. Observations of asample of 29 stars are analyzed. For 22 of them, meaningful values orupper limits of the quadratic field can be determined. The lower limitof detection of the quadratic fields, set by the spectral resolution ofthe observations, is of the order of 5 kG. The observed quadratic fieldsrange from this value up to 37 kG, in the star HD 137509. The magneticfield of this star is likely the second strongest known field in Apstars. Quadratic field values derived for stars where resolvedmagnetically split lines are observed in higher-dispersion spectra areconsistent with the values of the mean field modulus measured in thosestars from the line splitting. For the stars of the sample repeatedlyobserved through their rotation cycle, the variations of the quadraticfield are well represented by a cosine with the rotation frequency ofthe star, or by the superposition of such a cosine and of a cosine withtwice that frequency. However, it appears that it is essential to have alarge number of observations distributed sufficiently uniformly andsufficiently densely over the rotation phases to determine unambiguouslythe shape of the variations. The extrema of the quadratic field tend tooccur at phases close to those of the extrema of the longitudinal field,but in some stars, the two quantities definitely vary out of phase. Theratio between the maximum and the minimum of the quadratic field isalways smaller than 1.7.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. IV. The crossover effect.
This paper is devoted to the study of the crossover effect in magneticAp stars. It is shown that this effect can be measured by the secondorder moment about their centre of the profiles of spectral linesrecorded in the Stokes parameter V. The interpretation of thesemeasurements in terms of magnetic field is developed. It is shown thatone can derive from them a quantity called the mean asymmetry of thelongitudinal magnetic field, which is the first moment of the componentof the magnetic field along the line of sight, about the plane definedby the line of sight and the stellar rotation axis. The consistency ofthe determination of this quantity with that of the mean longitudinalmagnetic field from measurements of wavelength shifts of lines betweenright and left circular polarization is demonstrated. This technique ofanalysis is applied to observations of a sample of 29 stars, among which10 have a detectable crossover effect. For 8 of them, the availableobservational data allow the study of the variations of the asymmetry ofthe longitudinal field with rotation phase. In most cases, thisvariation is sinusoidal and essentially symmetric about 0, and it occursin quadrature with the variation of the mean longitudinal field. A morecomplex behaviour is definitely observed in HD 147010 and HD 175362,where the variation of the asymmetry of the longitudinal field is betterrepresented by the superposition of two sinusoids, one with the rotationfrequency of the star, and the other with twice that frequency.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. III. Measurement uncertainties.
The estimation of the uncertainties affecting the determination ofvarious parameters characterizing spectral line profiles recorded inStokes I and V that are used in the diagnosis of stellar magnetic fieldsthrough the moment technique is described. Simple statisticalconsiderations are presented, to demonstrate that the errors areproperly assessed and to illustrate how their evaluation can beexploited to derive information about the physical properties of thestudied stars. It is shown that taking these uncertainties properly intoaccount allows one to achieve better determination of the meanlongitudinal magnetic field. Improved values of the latter are derivedfor observations already analysed in earlier work. The approach sketchedin this paper is intended as a basis for future studies of magneticfields of Ap stars.
| The Gaii Lines in the Red Spectrum of Ap-Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...272..465L&db_key=AST
| A homogeneous catalog of new UBV and H-beta photometry of B- and A-type stars in and around the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association
B- and A-type stars in and near the Sco-Cen OB association areinvestigated with UBV and H-beta photometry to acquire data relevant tothe luminosity function of Sco-Cen. The measurements generally consistof two 10-s integrations of U, B, V, (W, N) filters, and theobservations are corrected iteratively for atmospheric extinction andinstrumental response. The data presented give the mean V magnitude,mean B-V, mean U-B, and the estimated uncertainties for these values.The catalog provides a homogeneous catalog of data for a large fieldwith stellar objects delineating membership to the association Sco-Cenand that affect the luminosity function of the aggregate.
| The third spectrum of praseodymium in magnetic AP stars
The identification of Pr III lines in the red spectrum of magnetic Apstars, whose great strength contrasts with the weakness of the secondspectrum of Pr in upper main-sequence, chemically peculiar stars, ispresently reported. This identification is judged to be a critical steptoward a knowledge of the abundance systematics of the lanthanides inchemically peculiar stars, as well as toward characterization of thechemical fractionation processes which they undergo.
| HgMn stars, good or bad for optical soundings in the Milky Way?
Ten mercury-manganese stars from the Michigan Catalogue are examined toassess the consistency of their spectral appearance in sample groupsfrom Galactic optical soundings. The search for classification criteriayields no clear parameters for HgMn stars, and most stars withparticular rotational velocities and temperature ranges exhibit thecharacteristics of HgMn stars. Systematic errors in optical soundingscan be avoided by obtaining samples of stars in the actual temperaturerange used for calibration of absolute magnitude and intrinsic colorsand anticipating a significant fraction of unrevealed HgMn objects.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. II - The mean longitudinal magnetic field
Longitudinal magnetic field measurements were carried out for a sampleof Ap stars based on CCD spectra recording simultaneously in bothcirculation polarizations using the Zeeman analyzer of the ESOCassegrain Echelle Spectrograph fed by the ESO 3.6-m telescope.Comparison with previous studies demonstrates the proper operation ofthe Zeeman analyzer. Most curves of the rotational variation of thelongitudinal field are closely sinuosidal, which confirms that theanharmonicities of curves that had been reported in the past were oftendue to problems with the measurements of the photographic plates, whichare avoided with the present low-noise CCD spectra.
| Walraven photometry of nearby southern OB associations
Homogeneous Walraven (VBLUW) photometry is presented for 5260 stars inthe regions of five nearby southern OB associations: Scorpio Centaurus(Sco OB2), Orion OB1, Canis Major OB1, Monoceros OB1, and Scutum OB2.Derived V and (B - V) in the Johnson system are included.
| Giant CP stars?
This study is part of an investigation of the possibility of usingchemically peculiar (CP) stars to map local galactic structure. Correctluminosities of these stars are therefore crucial. CP stars aregenerally regarded as main-sequence or near-main-sequence objects.However, some CP stars have been classified as giants. A selection ofstars, classified in the literature as CP giants, are compared to normalstars in the same effective temperature interval and to ordinary'nongiant' CP stars. No clear confirmation of a higher luminosity for'CP giants' than for CP stars in general is found. In addition, CPcharacteristics seem to be individual properties not repeated in acomponent star or other cluster members.
| The evolution of the magnetic fields of AP stars - Magnetic observations of stars in the Scorpius-Centaurus association
Data concerning the positions, photometry, proper motions, and radialvelocities have been compiled for a sample of Ap and Bp stars toward theScorpius-Centaurus association. Probable members of the association areidentified, and new magnetic observations of 13 of these member Ap starsin the mass range 2.5-4.5 solar masses are presented. These magneticobservations are compared with similar data for a sample of old field Apstars. No evidence is found for a significant difference between thedistributions of magnetic field strengths of the two samples, suggestingthat little or no evolution of the magnetic fields in Ap stars occurs ona time scale of a few x 10 to the 8th yr.
| Statistical Investigation of Chemically Peculiar Stars - Part Two - the Stars with the Dispersion of Continuum Spectrum at Lambda 5200A
Not Available
| Behavior of the CA II-K line in the cool AP star HD 197417
The southern cool peculiar star HD 197417 shows a large variation in thephotometric index c1. Spectroscopic investigations point outvariations in the profile and equivalent width of the Ca II-K line,which are correlated with those of the Sr II, Eu II, Fe II and Cr IIlines. The possibility that this periodic behavior of the Ca II-K linemay be due to UV blanketing or to diffusion effects is investigated. Theappearance of wings at the maximum of intensity of the Ca II-K line isdiscussed.
| Photometric properties of AP stars in the Geneva system
An examination of the properties in some photometric diagrams of morethan 600 Ap stars measured in the Geneva photometric system confirm thatthe Balmer discontinuity is smaller than for normal stars, along withthe link between a proposed peculiarity parameter and both rotationalvelocity and effective magnetic field. It is shown that the peculiarityparameter is sensitive to interstellar reddening, and it is foundthrough examination of the standard deviations for visual magnitudesthat cool CP 2 stars without Eu peculiarity have the greatestamplitudes. Rapid rotators have a mild peculiarity, while positivecorrelation exists for Si and SrCr stars.
| Refined Data for Parallax Stars
Not Available
| Is There a Magnetic Field - Period Relation for the Hotter Ap Stars?
Not Available
| Catalogue of photometric data related to surface magnetic fields for B-type stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1980A&AS...41..111C&db_key=AST
| Spectral classification from the ultraviolet line features of S2/68 spectra. V - Supplement series
The paper presents the ultraviolet classification of more than 450 B-Aand F spectra obtained with the sky survey telescope mounted on the TD1satellite. Concerning abnormal objects, attention is given to the Bestars, the binary stars, the helium weak stars, and the lambda Booobjects. With regard to Be stars, it is concluded that the 1930 Awavelength feature is linked to the existence of either shell structuresor Fe II emission lines in the visual spectral range. In addition, it issuggested that stellar spectra at wavelengths of 1410, 1610-20 and 2400A are equivalent to the He-weak group in the classical range.
| Variable and Potential Variable Stars in the Bright Star Catalogue
Not Available
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Lupus |
| Right ascension: | 15h24m44.90s |
| Declination: | -39°42'37.0" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 5.37 |
| Distance: | 117.925 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -28.2 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -50.8 |
| B-T magnitude: | 5.243 |
| V-T magnitude: | 5.351 |
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INHABITED SKY
