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Mass fluxes for hot stars
In an attempt to understand the extraordinarily small mass-loss rates oflate-type O dwarfs, mass fluxes in the relevant part of(Teff, g)-space are derived from first principles using apreviously-described code for constructing moving reversing layers. Fromthese mass fluxes, a weak-wind domain is identified within which astar's rate of mass loss by a radiatively-driven wind is less than thatdue to nuclear burning. The five weak-wind stars recently analysed byMarcolino et al. (2009, A&A, 498, 837) fall within or at the edge ofthis domain. But although the theoretical mass fluxes for these starsare ?1.4 dex lower than those derived with the formula of Vink et al.(2000), the observed rates are still not matched, a failure that mayreflect our poor understanding of low-density supersonic outflows. Massfluxes are also computed for two strong-wind O4 stars analysed by Bouretet al. (2005, A&A, 438, 301). The predictions agree with the sharplyreduced mass loss rates found when Bouret et al. take wind clumping intoaccount.
| A FUSE Survey of the Rotation Rates of Very Massive Stars in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds
We present projected rotational velocity values for 97 Galactic, 55 SMC,and 106 LMC O-B type stars from archival FUSE observations. The evolvedand unevolved samples from each environment are compared through theKolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine if the distribution of equatorialrotational velocities is metallicity dependent for these massiveobjects. Stellar interior models predict that massive stars with SMCmetallicity will have significantly reduced angular momentum loss on themain sequence compared to their Galactic counterparts. Our results findsome support for this prediction but also show that even at Galacticmetallicity, evolved and unevolved massive stars have fairly similarfractions of stars with large Vsin i values. Macroturbulent broadeningthat is present in the spectral features of Galactic evolved massivestars is lower in the LMC and SMC samples. This suggests the processesthat lead to macroturbulence are dependent upon metallicity.
| Analysis of Galactic late-type O dwarfs: more constraints on the weak wind problem
Aims. We investigate the stellar and wind properties of a sample oflate-type O dwarfs. Previous analyses of such stars have found very lowmass-loss rates; rates much lower than predicted by theory (the weakwind problem). Methods: Far-UV to optical spectra of five Galactic Ostars were analyzed: HD 216898 (O9IV/O8.5V), HD 326329 (O9V), HD 66788(O8V/O9V), ζ Oph (O9.5Vnn), and HD 216532 (O8.5V((n))). We used agrid of TLUSTY models to obtain effective temperatures, gravities,rotational velocities, and to identify wind lines. Wind parameters foreach object were obtained using expanding atmosphere models calculatedwith the CMFGEN code. Results: The spectra of our sample have primarilya photospheric origin. A weak wind signature is seen in C ivλλ1548, 1551, from which mass-loss rates consistent withprevious CMFGEN results for O8-O9V stars were derived(˜10-10-10-9 M_ȯ yr-1). Adiscrepancy of roughly two orders of magnitude is found between thesemass-loss rates and the values predicted by theory (dot{M}_Vink),confirming a breakdown or a steepening of the modified windmomentum-luminosity relation at log L_star/L_ȯ ⪉ 5.2. We haveestimated the carbon abundance for the stars of our sample and concludedthat its value cannot be reduced to sufficiently small values to solvethe weak wind problem. Upper limits on dot{M} were established for allobjects using lines of different ions: P v λλ1118, 1128, Ciii λ 1176, N v λλ1239, 1243, Si ivλλ1394, 1403, and N iv λ1718. All the valuesobtained are in disagreement with theoretical predictions, bringingsupport to the reality of weak winds. Together with C ivλλ1548, 1551, the use of N v λλ1239, 1243results in the lowest mass-loss rates: the upper limits indicate thatdot{M} must be less than about -1.0 dex dot{M}_Vink. Upper mass-lossrate limits obtained for other transitions are also low: they indicatethat dot{M} must be less than about (-0.5 ± 0.2) dex dot{M}_Vink.We studied the behavior of the Hα line with different mass-lossrates. For two stars, only models with very low dot{M}'s provide thebest fit to the UV and optical spectra. We also explored ways to fit theobserved spectra with the theoretical mass-loss rates. By using largeamounts of X-rays, we could reduce the predicted wind emission to theobserved levels. However, unrealistic X-ray luminosities had to be used(log L_X/L_Bol ⪆ -3.5). The validity of the models used in ouranalyses is discussed.Based on observations made with the NASA-CNES-CSA Far UltravioletSpectroscopic Explorer and by the NASA-ESA-SERC InternationalUltraviolet Explorer , and retrieved from the Multimission Archive atthe Space Telescope Science Institute (MAST). Based on observationscollected with the ELODIE spectrograph on the 1.93-m telescope(Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France). Based on observationscollected with the FEROS instrument on the ESO 2.2 m telescope, program074.D-0300 and 075.D-0061. Appendices A and B are only available inelectronic form at http://www.aanda.org
| A CO J = 1-0 survey of common optical/uv absorption sightlines
Context: Comparison of optical/uv absorption line data withhigh-resolution profiles of mm-wave CO emission provides complementaryinformation on the absorbing gas, as toward ? Oph. Over the pastthirty years a wealth of observations of CO and other molecules inoptical/uv absorption in diffuse clouds has accumulated for which nocomparable CO emission line data exist. Aims: To acquire mm-waveJ=1-0 CO emission line profiles toward a substantial sample ofcommonly-studied optical/uv absorption line targets and to compare withthe properties of the absorbing gas, especially the predicted emissionline strengths. Methods: Using the ARO 12 m telescope, weobserved mm-wavelength J=1-0 CO emission with spectral resolution R ?3× 106 and spatial resolution 1' toward a sample of 110lines of sight previously studied in optical/uv absorption lines of CO,H2, CH, etc. Results: Interstellar CO emission was detected along65 of the 110 lines of sight surveyed and there is a generalsuperabundance of CO emission given the distribution of galacticlatitudes in the survey sample. Much of the emission is optically thickor very intense and must emanate from dark clouds or warm dense gas nearHII regions. Conclusions: Judging from the statisticalsuperabundance of CO emission, seen also in the total line of sightreddening, the OB star optical/uv absorption line targets must bephysically associated with the large quantities of neutral gas whose COemission was detected, in which case they are probably influencing theabsorbing gas by heating and/or photoionizing it. This explains whyCO/H2 and 12CO/13CO ratios differ somewhat betweenuv and mm-wave absorption line studies. Because the lines of sight havebeen preselected to have AV ? 1 mag, relatively little ofthe associated material actually occults the targets, making itdifficult for CO emission line observations to isolate the foregroundgas contribution.Based on observations obtained with the ARO Kitt Peak 12 mtelescope.
| CN column densities and excitation temperatures
We analyse abundances and rotational temperatures of the interstellar CNmolecule. We have calculated the column densities and excitationtemperatures of the molecule along 73 lines of sight basing on ouroriginal measurements of the B 2?+ -X2?+ (0,0) vibrational band recorded in highsignal-to-noise ratio spectra and also for 88 directions based onmeasurements already available in literature. We compare the columndensities obtained from different bands of CN molecule available toground-based instruments. The obtained excitation temperatures in theanalysed directions show always an excess over the cosmic microwavebackground radiation (CMBR) temperature.
| The Search for H- in Astrophysical Environments
The negative ion H- is widely understood to be important inmany astrophysical environments, including the atmospheres of late-typestars like the Sun. However, the ion has never been detectedspectroscopically outside the laboratory. A search for thefar-ultraviolet autodetaching transitions of H- ininterstellar and circumstellar matter seems to be the best hope fordirectly detecting this ion. We undertook a highly sensitive searchusing data from the FUSE instrument. We concentrated on two types ofsight lines: planetary nebulae, where model calculations suggest asufficient abundance of H- to be determined, and translucentclouds, where H- might form on dust grains as an intermediatestep in molecular hydrogen formation. Upper limits on H-abundances were set.
| Faint H I 21 cm Emission Line Wings at Forbidden Velocities
We present the results of a search for faint H I 21 cm emission linewings at velocities forbidden by Galactic rotation in the Galactic planeusing the Leiden/Dwingeloo H I Survey data and the H I Southern GalacticPlane Survey data. These ``forbidden-velocity wings'' (FVWs) appear asprotruding excessive emission in comparison with their surroundings inlimited (<~2°) spatial regions over velocity extents of more than~20 km s-1 in large-scale (l, v) diagrams. Their highvelocities imply that there should be some dynamical phenomenaassociated. We have identified 87 FVWs. We present their catalog anddiscuss their distribution and statistical properties. We found that 85%of FVWs are not coincident with known supernova remnants (SNRs),galaxies, or high-velocity clouds. Their natures are currently unknown.We suspect that many of them are fast-moving H I shells and filamentsassociated with the oldest SNRs that are essentially invisible exceptvia their H I line emission. We discuss other possible origins.
| An Analysis of the Shapes of Interstellar Extinction Curves. V. The IR-through-UV Curve Morphology
We study the IR-through-UV interstellar extinction curves towards 328Galactic B and late-O stars. We use a new technique which employsstellar atmosphere models in lieu of unreddened "standard" stars. Thistechnique is capable of virtually eliminating spectral mismatch errorsin the curves. It also allows a quantitative assessment of the errorsand enables a rigorous testing of the significance of relationshipsbetween various curve parameters, regardless of whether theiruncertainties are correlated. Analysis of the curves gives the followingresults: (1) In accord with our previous findings, the central positionof the 2175 A extinction bump is mildly variable, its width is highlyvariable, and the two variations are unrelated. (2) Strong correlationsare found among some extinction properties within the UV region, andwithin the IR region. (3) With the exception of a few curves withextreme (i.e., large) values of R(V), the UV and IR portions of Galacticextinction curves are not correlated with each other. (4) The largesightline-to-sightline variation seen in our sample implies that anyaverage Galactic extinction curve will always reflect the biases of itsparent sample. (5) The use of an average curve to deredden a spectralenergy distribution (SED) will result in significant errors, and arealistic error budget for the dereddened SED must include the observedvariance of Galactic curves. While the observed largesightline-to-sightline variations, and the lack of correlation among thevarious features of the curves, make it difficult to meaningfullycharacterize average extinction properties, they demonstrate thatextinction curves respond sensitively to local conditions. Thus, eachcurve contains potentially unique information about the grains along itssightline.
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| Cloud Structure and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Regions from Optical Observations. II. Analysis
To complement the optical absorption line survey of diffuse moleculargas in Paper I, we obtained and analyzed far-ultraviolet H2and CO data on lines of sight toward stars in Cep OB2 and Cep OB3.Possible correlations between column densities of different species forindividual velocity components, not total columns along a line of sightas in the past, were examined and were interpreted in terms of cloudstructure. The analysis reveals that there are two kinds of CH indiffuse molecular gas: CN-like CH and CH+-like CH. Evidenceis provided that CO is also associated with CN in diffuse molecularclouds. Different species are distributed according to gas density inthe diffuse molecular gas. Both calcium and potassium may be depletedonto grains in high-density gas, but with different dependencies onlocal gas density. Gas densities for components where CN was detectedwere inferred from a chemical model. Analysis of cloud structureindicates that our data are generally consistent with the large-scalestructure suggested by maps of CO millimeter-wave emission. On smallscales, the gas density is seen to vary by factors greater than 5.0 overscales of ~10,000 AU. The relationships between column densities of COand CH with that of H2 along a line of sight show similarslopes for the gas toward Cep OB2 and Cep OB3, but the CO/H2and CH/H2 ratios tend to differ, which we ascribe tovariation in average density along the line of sight.
| New Estimates of the Solar-Neighborhood Massive Star Birthrate and the Galactic Supernova Rate
The birthrate of stars of masses >=10 Msolar is estimatedfrom a sample of just over 400 O3-B2 dwarfs within 1.5 kpc of the Sunand the result extrapolated to estimate the Galactic supernova ratecontributed by such stars. The solar-neighborhood Galactic-plane massivestar birthrate is estimated at ~176 stars kpc-3Myr-1. On the basis of a model in which the Galactic stellardensity distribution comprises a ``disk+central hole'' like that of thedust infrared emission (as proposed by Drimmel and Spergel), theGalactic supernova rate is estimated at probably not less than ~1 normore than ~2 per century and the number of O3-B2 dwarfs within the solarcircle at ~200,000.
| Cloud Structure and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Regions from Optical Observations. I. Data and Component Structure
We present high-resolution optical spectra (at ~0.6-1.8 kms-1) of interstellar CN, CH, CH+, Ca I, K I, andCa II absorption toward 29 lines of sight in three star-forming regions,ρ Oph, Cep OB2, and Cep OB3. The observations and data reduction aredescribed. The agreement between earlier measurements of the totalequivalent widths and our results is quite good. However, our higherresolution spectra reveal complex structure and closely blendedcomponents in most lines of sight. The velocity component structure ofeach species is obtained by analyzing the spectra of the six species fora given sight line together. The tabulated column densities and Dopplerparameters of individual components are determined by using the methodof profile fitting. Total column densities along lines of sight arecomputed by summing results from profile fitting for individualcomponents and are compared with column densities from the apparentoptical depth method. A more detailed analysis of these data and theirimplications will be presented in a companion paper.
| A Galactic O Star Catalog
We have produced a catalog of 378 Galactic O stars with accuratespectral classifications that is complete for V<8 but includes manyfainter stars. The catalog provides cross-identifications with othersources; coordinates (obtained in most cases from Tycho-2 data);astrometric distances for 24 of the nearest stars; optical (Tycho-2,Johnson, and Strömgren) and NIR photometry; group membership,runaway character, and multiplicity information; and a Web-based versionwith links to on-line services.
| Stars with ISM Polarization Observed with HPOL. II
Polarization data are given for stars whose polarizations are mostlyinterstellar which were observed with the University of Wisconsinspectropolarimeter (HPOL) during 1995-2003. Several cases are found forwhich K in the Serkowski Law for ISM polarization is higher than allowedby published formulas.
| The discovery of low-mass pre-main-sequence stars in Cepheus OB3b
We report the discovery of a low-mass pre-main-sequence (PMS) stellarpopulation in the younger subgroup of the Cepheus OB3 association, CepOB3b, using UBVI CCD photometry and follow-up spectroscopy. The opticalsurvey covers approximately 1300 arcmin2 on the sky and givesa global photometric and astrometric catalogue for more than 7000objects. The location of a PMS population is well defined in a V versus(V-I) colour-magnitude diagram.Multifibre spectroscopic results for optically selected PMS candidatesconfirm the T Tauri nature for 10 objects, with equal numbers ofclassical TTS (CTTS) and weak-line TTS (WTTS). There are six otherobjects that we classify as possible PMS stars. The newly discovered TTSstars have masses in the range ~0.9-3.0 Msolar and ages from<1 to nearly 10 Myr, based on the Siess, Dufour & Forestiniisochrones. Their location close to the O and B stars of the association(especially the O7n star) demonstrates that low-mass star formation isindeed possible in such an apparently hostile environment dominated byearly-type stars and that the latter must have been less effective ineroding the circumstellar discs of their lower-mass siblings comparedwith other OB associations (e.g. λ-Ori). We attribute this to thenature of the local environment, speculating that the bulk of molecularmaterial, which shielded low-mass stars from the ionizing radiation oftheir early-type siblings, has only recently been removed.
| Catalog of Galactic OB Stars
An all-sky catalog of Galactic OB stars has been created by extendingthe Case-Hamburg Galactic plane luminous-stars surveys to include 5500additional objects drawn from the literature. This work brings the totalnumber of known or reasonably suspected OB stars to over 16,000.Companion databases of UBVβ photometry and MK classifications forthese objects include nearly 30,000 and 20,000 entries, respectively.
| On the Absolute Magnitudes of the O Stars
The conclusion published in 1992 by Garmany & Stencel from a studyof northern OB associations, that the absolute magnitudes of the O starsshow ``a large scatter ... intrinsic to the classification system,'' iscritically examined. It is found that the differences between theirderived absolute magnitudes of O stars and this author's 1973calibration exhibit large systematic effects in several associations,ranging from -0.74 to +1.02 mag with substantially smaller dispersions.Of course, when these results are combined, the scatter equals the fullrange of the systematic effects. To investigate the possibility ofdistance errors, the Garmany & Stencel B0-B2.5 stars in the sameassociations are subjected to the same analysis. The results for the Bstars show no significant systematic differences, eliminating errors inthe association distances derived by Garmany & Stencel from the Bstars as the source of the differences found for the O stars. It isnoteworthy that the dispersions in the absolute magnitudes of the Bstars within a given association are similar to or larger than those ofthe O stars. An examination of the distribution on the sky of the starsshows that the O and B stars in the discrepant associations aregenerally not colocated; such was already known to be the case for theimportant Perseus OB1 association. It is suggested that despite theirefforts to improve them, significant problems remain with theassociation memberships adopted by Garmany & Stencel; the relativelysmall dispersions of the O star absolute magnitudes even in thediscrepant cases indicate that they belong to different, usually moredistant associations near the lines of sight to the B associations withwhich they have been mistakenly connected. Several individual cases ofunrecognized multiple systems and classification errors are also foundin the Garmany & Stencel sample. It is concluded that the scatter inthe absolute magnitudes of the O stars is not as large as found byGarmany & Stencel, and not larger than that of the B stars.
| On the Correlation between CO Absorption and Far-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Extinction toward Galactic OB Stars
A sample of 59 sight lines to reddened Galactic OB stars was examinedfor correlations of the strength of the CO Fourth Positive(A1Π-X1Σ+) absorption bandsystem with the ultraviolet interstellar extinction curve parameters. Weused archival high-dispersion NEWSIPS IUE spectra to measure the COabsorption for comparison with parametric fits of the extinction curvesfrom the literature. A strong correlation with the nonlinear far-UVcurvature term was found with greater absorption, normalized to E(B-V),being associated with more curvature. A weaker trend with the linearextinction term was also found. Mechanisms for enhancing CO in dustenvironments exhibiting high nonlinear curvature are discussed.
| UBV beta Database for Case-Hamburg Northern and Southern Luminous Stars
A database of photoelectric UBV beta photometry for stars listed in theCase-Hamburg northern and southern Milky Way luminous stars surveys hasbeen compiled from the original research literature. Consisting of over16,000 observations of some 7300 stars from over 500 sources, thisdatabase constitutes the most complete compilation of such photometryavailable for intrinsically luminous stars around the Galactic plane.Over 5000 stars listed in the Case-Hamburg surveys still lackfundamental photometric data.
| Photoelectric Photometry of Herbig Ae/be and Related Stars in the Vilnius Photometric System
A catalog of photoelectric photometry of 62 Herbig Ae/Be and relatedstars in the Vilnius system is presented. It contains stars down to V =12 mag located mainly in the northern hemisphere and observed in theperiod of 1994--1996.
| A survey of vacuum-ultraviolet extinction curves based on International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra
This paper presents the interstellar extinction curves derived from theIUE spectra with the aid of the already published 'artificialstandards'. The variety of possible shapes of the curves, demonstratedearlier on spectra from the TD/1 satellite, is fully confirmed.
| Cross-correlation characteristics of OB stars from IUE spectroscopy
We present a catalogue of homogeneous measures of the linewidthparameter, v_esin i, for 373 O-type stars and early B supergiants(including the separate components of 25 binary and three triplesystems), produced by cross-correlating high-resolution,short-wavelength IUE spectra against a `template' spectrum of tauSco. Wealso tabulate terminal velocities. There are no O supergiants in oursample with v_esin i<65 km s^-1, and only one supergiant earlier thanB5 has v_esin i<50 km s^-1, confirming that an important linebroadening mechanism in addition to rotation must be present in theseobjects. A calibration of the area under the cross-correlation peakagainst spectral type is used to obtain estimates of continuum intensityratios of the components in 28 spectroscopically binary or multiplesystems. At least seven SB2 systems show evidence for the `Struve-Sahadeeffect', a systematic variation in relative line strength as a functionof orbital phase. The stellar wind profiles of the most rapid rotator inour sample, the O9III:n* star HD 191423 (v_esin i=436km s^-1), show itto have a `wind-compressed disc' similar to that of HD 93521; this starand other rapid rotators are good candidates for studies of non-radialpulsation.
| Be stars in open clusters I. uvbyβ photometry.
We present uvbyβ photometry for Be stars in eight open clusters andtwo OB associations. It is shown that Be stars occupy anomalouspositions in the photometric diagrams, which can be explained in termsof the circumstellar continuum radiation contribution to the photometricindices. In the (b-y)_0_-M_V_ plane Be stars appear redder than the nonemission B stars, due to the additional reddening caused by the hydrogenfree-bound and free-free recombination in the circumstellar envelope. Inthe c_0_-M_V_ plane the earlier Be stars present lower c_0_ values thanabsorption-line B stars, which is caused by emission in the Balmerdiscontinuity, while the later Be stars deviate towards higher c_0_values, indicating absorption in the Balmer discontinuity ofcircumstellar origin.
| Derivation of the Galactic rotation curve using space velocities
We present rotation curves of the Galaxy based on the space-velocitiesof 197 OB stars and 144 classical cepheids, respectively, which rangeover a galactocentric distance interval of about 6 to 12kpc. Nosignificant differences between these rotation curves and rotationcurves based solely on radial velocities assuming circular rotation arefound. We derive an angular velocity of the LSR of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5+/-0.4mas/a (OB stars) and {OMEGA}_0_=5.4+/-0.5mas/a(cepheids), which is in agreement with the IAU 1985 value of{OMEGA}_0_=5.5mas/a. If we correct for probable rotations of the FK5system, the corresponding angular velocities are {OMEGA}_0_=6.0mas/a (OBstars) and {OMEGA}_0_=6.2mas/a (cepheids). These values agree betterwith the value of {OMEGA}_0_=6.4mas/a derived from the VLA measurementof the proper motion of SgrA^*^.
| Diffuse interstellar bands: resolved rotational band structure at 5850A.
The only candidate of what may be a resolved rotational vibrational bandin the DIB Survey of Jenniskens & Desert (1994), the triplet ofbands at 5844, 5850 and 5852 A, is examined in detail in order toestablish the nature of these DIBs. We find that superposed on the broadλ5844 are four weak features, reminiscent of substructure foundon top of the broad λ5778. The relative band strength of DIBsλ5844 and λ5850 correlates with the rotational temperaturein the J=0 and J=1 levels of molecular hydrogen. However, we do not findvariations in band shape that are consistent with substructure of aresolved rotational band profile. Instead, the narrow λ5850 isfound to have a shoulder on the red and blue side of the main band,which can imply that this band itself is an unresolved rovib band withP, Q and R branches.
| Diffuse interstellar bands and UV extinction curves. The missing link.
The connection between diffuse interstellar bands and components of theinterstellar ultraviolet extinction curve, decomposed according to theFitzpatrick & Massa scheme, is analysed from new observations ofseveral DIBs in the line of sight to 28 stars measured by IUE. We findthat the strength of the 217.5nm bump positively correlates with DIBstrength, whereas correlations with a negative slope exist with the FUVnon-linear rise and the width of the bump. There is no correlation withlinear rise. The relation of bump height versus DIB strength does notpass through zero. The results are interpreted within the polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) framework. They strengthen the hypothesisthat the FUV non-linear rise is produced by neutral PAHs, whereas DIBcarriers are found among some ionised or radical PAHs.
| Spectroscopic and Polarimetric Observations of the Nova Cassiopeiae 1993
Not Available
| Chemical transitions for interstellar C2 and CN in cloud envelopes
Observations were made of absorption from CH, C2, and CN towardmoderately reddened stars in Sco, OB2, Ceo OB3, and Taurus/Auriga. Forthese directions, most of the reddening is associated with a singlecloud complex, for example, the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, and as aresult, the observations probe moderately dense material. When combinedwith avaliable data for nearby directions, the survey provides the basisfor a comprehensive analysis of the chemistry for these species. Thechemical transitions affecting C2 and CN in cloud envelopes wereanalyzed. The depth into a cloud at which a transition takes place wascharacterized by tauuv, the grain optical depth at 1000 A.One transition at tauuv approx. = 2, which arises from, theconversion of C(+) into CO, affects the chemistries for both moleculesbecause of the key role this ion plays. A second one involvingproduction terms in the CN chemistry occurs at tauuv ofapprox. = 3; neutral reactions which C2 and CH is more important atlarger values for tauuv. The transition fromphotodissociation to chemical destruction takes place attauuv approx. = 4.5 for C2 and CN. The observational data forstars in Sco OB2, Cep OB3, and Taurus/Auriga were studied with chemicalrate equations containing the most important production and destructionmechanisms. Because the sample of stars in Sco OB2 includes sight lineswith Av ranging from 1-4 mag, sight lines dominated byphotochemistry could be analyzed separately from those controlled bygas-phase destruction. The analysis yielded values for two poorly knownrate constants for reactions involved in the production of CN; thereactions are C2 + N yields CN + C and C(+) + NH yields all products.The other directions were analyzed with the inferred values. Thepredicted column densities for C2 and CN agree with the observed valuesto better than 50%, and in most instances 20%. When combining theestimates for density and temperature derived from chemical modeling andmolecular excitation for a specific cloud, such as the rho Ophiuchusmolecular cloud, the portion of the cloud envelope probed by C2 and CNabsorption was found to be in pressure equilibrium.
| Intrinsic colour indices of O- and B- type stars in the Vilnius photometric system.
Not Available
| Tracing the Roots of Interstellar Mid Infrared Emission
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...275..549J&db_key=AST
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| קבוצת-כוכבים: | קפיאוס |
| התרוממות ימנית: | 22h52m30.56s |
| סירוב: | +62°26'25.9" |
| גודל גלוי: | 8.024 |
| מרחק: | 4545.455 פארסק |
| תנועה נכונה: | -2.2 |
| תנועה נכונה: | -5.8 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.571 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.07 |
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