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Bright OB stars in the Galaxy. II. Wind variability in O supergiants as traced by Hα
We investigate the line-profile variability (lpv) of Hα for alarge sample of O-type supergiants (15 objects between O4 and O9.7), inan objective, statistically rigorous manner. We employed the TemporalVariance Spectrum (TVS) analysis, developed for the case of photosphericabsorption lines and modified by us to take into account the effects ofwind emission. By means of a comparative analysis we place constraintson the properties of this variability - quantified in terms of a meanand a newly defined fractional amplitude of deviations - as a functionof stellar and wind parameters. The results of our analysis show thatall the stars in the sample show evidence of significant lpv inHα, mostly dominated by processes in the wind. The variationsoccur between zero and 0.3 v_&infy; (i.e., below 1.5 R_star ), in goodagreement with results from similar studies. A comparison between theobservations and corresponding line-profile simulations indicates thatfor stars with intermediate wind densities the properties of theHα variability can be explained by simple models consisting ofcoherent or broken shells (blobs) uniformly distributed over the windvolume, with an intrinsic scatter in the maximum density contrast ofabout a factor of two. For stars at lower and higher wind densities, onthe other hand, we found certain inconsistencies between theobservations and our predictions, most importantly concerning the meanamplitude and the symmetry properties of the TVS. This disagreementmight be explained by the presence of coherent large-scale structures,partly confined in a volume close to the star. Interpreted in terms of avariable mass-loss rate, the observed variations of Hα indicatechanges of ±4% with respect to the mean value of dot M for starswith stronger winds and of ± 16% for stars with weaker winds. Theeffect of these variations on the corresponding wind momenta is ratherinsignificant (less than 0.16 dex), increasing only the local scatterwithout affecting the Wind Momentum Luminosity Relationship.
| Bright OB stars in the Galaxy. I. Mass-loss and wind-momentum rates of O-type stars: A pure H\alpha analysis accounting for line-blanketing
We study mass-loss and wind momentum rates of 29 Galactic O-type starswith luminosity classes I, III and V by means of a pure H\alpha profileanalysis and investigate to what extent the results compare to thoseoriginating from a state-of-the-art, complete spectral analysis. Ourinvestigation relies on the approximate method developed by\citet{Puls96} which we have modified to account for the effects ofline-blanketing. Effective temperatures and gravities needed to obtainquantitative results from such a simplified approach have been derivedby means of calibrations based on most recent spectroscopic NLTEanalyses and models of Galactic stars by \citet{Repo03} and\citet{Martins02}. Comparing (i) the derived wind-densities to thosedetermined by \citet{Repo03} for eleven stars in common and (ii) theWind-momentum Luminosity Relationship (WLR) for our sample stars tothose derived by other investigations, we conclude that our approximateapproach is actually able to provide consistent results. Additionally,we studied the consequences of ``fine tuning'' some of the direct andindirect parameters entering the WLR, especially by accounting fordifferent possible values of stellar reddening and distances. Combiningour data set with the corresponding data provided by \citet{Herrero02}and \citet{Repo03} we finally study the WLR for the largest sample ofGalactic O-type stars gathered so far, including an elaborate errortreatment. The established disagreement between the theoreticalpredictions and the ``observed'' WLRs being a function of luminosityclass is suggested to be a result of wind clumping. Different strategiesto check this hypothesis are discussed, particularly by comparing theH\alpha mass-loss rates with the ones derived from radio observations.
| Radio observations of interstellar bubbles surrounding massive stars}
We show radio continuum observations of the WR ring nebulae around WR101 and WR 113 obtained using the VLA and HI 21 cm line data of theinterstellar bubble around the O type stars BD +24 deg 3866 and BD+25deg 3952 obtained with the DRAO Synthesis Telescope. We review previousradio continuum and HI line results toward WR and O-type stars.
| The total-to-selective extinction ratio determined from near IR photometry of OB stars
The paper presents an extensive list of the total to selectiveextinction ratios R calculated from the infrared magnitudes of 597 O andB stars using the extrapolation method. The IR magnitudes of these starswere taken from the literature. The IR colour excesses are determinedwith the aid of "artificial standards" - Wegner (1994). The individualand mean values of total to selective extinction ratios R differ in mostcases from the average value R=3.10 +/-0.05 - Wegner (1993) in differentOB associations. The relation between total to selective extinctionratios R determined in this paper and those calculated using the "methodof variable extinction" and the Cardelli et al. (1989) formulae isdiscussed. The R values presented in this paper can be used to determineindividual absolute magnitudes of reddened OB stars with knowntrigonometric parallaxes.
| An H I interstellar bubble linked to the O-type stars BD +24or 3866 and BD +25or 3952
We investigate the ISM in the vicinity of the O-type stars BD+24or 3866 (O8.5II(f)), BD +24or 3881 (O6.5III(f))and BD +24or 3952 (O8) based on radio continuum and HI linedata obtained with the Synthesis Telescope of the Dominion RadioAstrophysical Observatory (DRAO) with synthesized beams of 1\farcm 5 and7\arcmin at 1420 and 408 MHz, respectively. High angular resolution IRASdata (HIRES) are also analyzed. BD +24or 3866 is found to belocated close to the inner border of a slowly expanding shell. Theevolved HII region Sh2-88, which is excited by BD +25or 3952,appears to be interacting with neutral material in the approaching partof this shell. The whole structure is at a distance of 2.4 kpc and isabout 23x15 pc in radius. The total swept up mass is 1300Msun. The stellar winds of BD +24or 3866 and BD+25or 3952, are mainly responsible for shaping the HIstructure. An HI expanding shell was also found to be related to the HIIregion G61.7+0.9. At a kinematic distance of 2.4 kpc, this feature is 10pc in radius and has neutral and ionized masses of 200 and 135Msun, respectively. The present observational data do notallow us to identify a definite interstellar HI feature associated withBD +24or 3881. We consider different explanations for thisfact.
| On the Absolute Magnitudes of the O Stars
The conclusion published in 1992 by Garmany & Stencel from a studyof northern OB associations, that the absolute magnitudes of the O starsshow ``a large scatter ... intrinsic to the classification system,'' iscritically examined. It is found that the differences between theirderived absolute magnitudes of O stars and this author's 1973calibration exhibit large systematic effects in several associations,ranging from -0.74 to +1.02 mag with substantially smaller dispersions.Of course, when these results are combined, the scatter equals the fullrange of the systematic effects. To investigate the possibility ofdistance errors, the Garmany & Stencel B0-B2.5 stars in the sameassociations are subjected to the same analysis. The results for the Bstars show no significant systematic differences, eliminating errors inthe association distances derived by Garmany & Stencel from the Bstars as the source of the differences found for the O stars. It isnoteworthy that the dispersions in the absolute magnitudes of the Bstars within a given association are similar to or larger than those ofthe O stars. An examination of the distribution on the sky of the starsshows that the O and B stars in the discrepant associations aregenerally not colocated; such was already known to be the case for theimportant Perseus OB1 association. It is suggested that despite theirefforts to improve them, significant problems remain with theassociation memberships adopted by Garmany & Stencel; the relativelysmall dispersions of the O star absolute magnitudes even in thediscrepant cases indicate that they belong to different, usually moredistant associations near the lines of sight to the B associations withwhich they have been mistakenly connected. Several individual cases ofunrecognized multiple systems and classification errors are also foundin the Garmany & Stencel sample. It is concluded that the scatter inthe absolute magnitudes of the O stars is not as large as found byGarmany & Stencel, and not larger than that of the B stars.
| The Interaction of BD+24° 3866 and BD+24° 3881 with the Surrounding ISM
Not Available
| Fundamental parameters of Galactic luminous OB stars. V. The effect of microturbulence
We study the effect of microturbulence in the line formationcalculations of H and He lines, in the parameter range typical for O andearly B stars. We are specially interested in its effect on thedetermination of stellar parameters: Teff, log g andspecially on the He abundance. We first analyze the behaviour of H andHe model lines between 4 000 and 5 000 Äwith microturbulence andfind that for O stars only He I lines and He Ii lambda 4686 are sensiblyaffected by microturbulence, and that models with lower gravities, theones suitable for supergiants, are more sensitive to it. Using a testprocedure we show that the expected changes in Teff, log gand Helium abundance due to the inclusion of microturbulence in theanalysis, are small. We analyze five stars (two late, one intermediateand two early O stars) using microturbulence velocities of 0 and 15kms-1 and confirm the result of the previous test. Theparameters obtained for 15 kms-1 differ from the ones at 0kms-1 within the limits of the standard error box of ouranalysis. Only later types reduce their He abundance, by 0.02 in epsilon. Comparing with values in the literature we find that the range of ourchanges agree with previous results. In some cases other effects can addto microturbulence, and further reduce the He abundance up to 0.04. Thequality of the line fits only improves for He I lambda 4471, but not tothe extent of completely solving the so-called dilution effect.Therefore our conclusion is that microturbulence is affecting thederivation of stellar parameters, but its effect is comparable to theadopted uncertainties. Thus it can reduce moderate He overabundances andsolve line fit quality differences, but it cannot explain by itselflarge He overabundances in O stars. The INT is operated on the island ofLa Palma by the RGO in the Spanish Obervatorio de El Roque de losMuchachos of the Instituto de Astrof\'\i sica de Canarias.
| UBV beta Database for Case-Hamburg Northern and Southern Luminous Stars
A database of photoelectric UBV beta photometry for stars listed in theCase-Hamburg northern and southern Milky Way luminous stars surveys hasbeen compiled from the original research literature. Consisting of over16,000 observations of some 7300 stars from over 500 sources, thisdatabase constitutes the most complete compilation of such photometryavailable for intrinsically luminous stars around the Galactic plane.Over 5000 stars listed in the Case-Hamburg surveys still lackfundamental photometric data.
| H-Band Spectroscopic Classification of OB Stars
We present a new spectroscopic classification for OB stars based onH-band (1.5 \mic \ to 1.8 \mic) observations of a sample of stars withoptical spectral types. Our initial sample of nine stars demonstratesthat the combination of He 1 1.7002 \mic \ and H Brackett seriesabsorption can be used to determine spectral types for stars between ~O4 and B7 (to within ~ +/- 2 sub-types). We find that the Brackettseries exhibits luminosity effects similar to the Balmer series for theB stars. This classification scheme will be useful in studies ofoptically obscured high mass star forming regions. In addition, wepresent spectra for the OB stars near 1.1 \mic \ and 1.3 \mic \ whichmay be of use in analyzing their atmospheres and winds.
| A Spectral Atlas of Hot, Luminous Stars at 2 Microns
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..107..281H&db_key=AST
| The Henry Draper Extension Charts: A catalogue of accurate positions, proper motions, magnitudes and spectral types of 86933 stars
The Henry Draper Extension Charts (HDEC), published in the form offinding charts, provide spectral classification for some 87000 starsmostly between 10th and 11th magnitude. This data, being highlyvaluable, as yet was practically unusable for modern computer-basedastronomy. An earlier pilot project (Roeser et al. 1991) demonstrated apossibility to convert this into a star catalogue, using measurements ofcartesian coordinates of stars on the charts and positions of theAstrographic Catalogue (AC) for subsequent identification. We presenthere a final HDEC catalogue comprising accurate positions, propermotions, magnitudes and spectral classes for 86933 stars of the HenryDraper Extension Charts.
| Analysis of Neckel and Chini standard stars in the UBVRI photometric system
This paper studies the list of 60 faint standard stars of Neckel andChini (1980) in the UBVRI Johnson photometric system. We have re-reducedthe standard stars using our own method of reduction from a large numberof selected observations made at the Observatorio Astronomico Nacionaland at the Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman, both at Calar Alto, Spain,and at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma Island,Spain. The reduction method used is explained and the results are givenfor the four colors used: (B-V), (U-B), (V-R), and (V-I), together withthe V magnitude, that is, we have corrected many standard stars for eachcolor and magnitude. These results are supported with graphs whereresidual color is plotted against corresponding color (or magnitude).Finally, our (V-R) and (V-I) results are compared to those of Taylor etal. (1989), with a good correspondence.
| Galactic OB associations in the northern Milky Way Galaxy. I - Longitudes 55 deg to 150 deg
The literature on all OB associations was reviewed, and their IRAS pointsource content was studied, between galactic longitude 55 and 150 deg.Only one third of the 24 associations listed by Ruprecht et al. (1981)have been the subject of individual studies designed to identify thebrightest stars. Distances to all of these were recomputed using themethod of cluster fitting of the B main sequence stars, which makes itpoossible to reexamine the absolute magnitude calibration of the Ostars, as well as for the red supergiant candidate stars. Also examinedwas the composite HR diagram for these associations. Associations withthe best defined main sequences, which also tend to contain very youngclusters, referred to here as OB clusters, have extremely few evolved Band A or red supergiants. Associations with poorly defined mainsequences and few OB clusters have many more evolved stars. They alsoshow an effect in the upper HR diagram referred to as a ledge byFitzpatrick and Garmany (1990) in similar data for the Large MagellanicCloud. It is suggested that the differences in the associations are notjust observational selection effects but represent real differences inage and formation history.
| New spectral classifications for O-type stars in the Northern Hemisphere
In order to update the classifications of O and B stars in the vicinityof the sun, moderate-resolution spectra have been obtained in thewavelength region about 4000 A to about 5000 A of 32 O and B starswithout published luminosity classifications. Normalized spectra andrevised spectral classifications are presented. Two of the stars arefound to be members of the O3 spectral class.
| The properties of the Neckel-Chini VRI system
Cousins (1980) data for 54 of the standard stars of Neckel and Chini(1980) and published measurements are used to investigate the propertiesof the Neckel-Chini VRI system. For red stars, this system diverges fromthe Johnson (1962) system, despite frequent claims of identity betweenthe two. The Neckel-Chini and Cousins systems, however, are closelycomparable. Both of these conclusions were previously reached in a paperby Bessell (1983); fair to good quantitative agreement with his resultsare obtained. Reddening ratios, the scatter in the Neckel-Chinistandard-star data, and the effect of this scatter on publishedmeasurements for program stars, are discussed. Transformations from theNeckel-Chini system to the Cousins system are given.
| Photometry and spectroscopy of stars in northern H II regions
New UBV photometry of 60 candidates for the exciting stars of a sampleof optical H II regions between Galactic longitudes 30 and 70 deg ispresented, together with MK spectral types for a smaller number ofstars. These data allow the identification of 11 possible new excitingstars in 7 nebulae. A catalog of basic data on the 36 Sharpless (1959) HII regions in this longitude range has been compiled from the presentobservations and from a reanalysis of existing data and is alsopresented, with notes on individual nebulae.
| Mass loss from stars : the universal formula for mass loss rate
Not Available
| Surface distribution of the luminous and early-type emission stars in the OB Vulpecula associations
The surface distribution of the luminous and early-type emission starsin a Milky Way region in Vulpecula is obtained. The results show adiscrepancy between the places of greatest concentration of such kindsof stars and those indicated in literature as positions of OBassociations.
| H-alpha as a tracer of mass loss from OB stars
This paper investigates the use of the H-alpha emission from stellarwinds of OB stars to determine the stellar mass-loss rate. The power inH-alpha emitted by the wind can be parameterized in terms of thetemperature and the density field of the wind. A simple expression isderived which relates the observed H-alpha luminosity to the stellarmass-loss rate, the stellar radius, the velocity law, and the stellareffective temperature. This expression is calibrated for the influenceof the velocity law using a sample of Galactic OB stars with UVmass-loss rates. Consequently, the results depend on the validity of theUV rates. The derived velocity law for O stars turns out to be inagreement with the radiation-pressure-driven wind theory. There isevidence for a dependence of the velocity-law gradient on spectral type.The results for B stars, however, are more uncertain due to thedependence on the adopted mass accretion rate/L relation. Application ofthe calibrated H-alpha luminosity/mass-loss rate relation to a sample of149 galactic OB stars shows that mass accretion rate can be reliablydetermined from H-alpha. Due to the moderate amount of observing timerequired to derive mass accretion rate from H-alpha, this method may beapplied successfully to investigate mass-loss effects in extra-Galacticstars.
| Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Mass loss rates have been collected for 271 stars of spectral type Othrough M, primarily of population I. Good agreement is found forresults obtained according to six different methods, and it is shownthat the mass loss rate data can be well represented by one empiricalinterpolation formula as a function of the effective temperature andluminosity. The chemically evolved stars are shown to have mass lossrates which are larger than those of normal stars occupying the samepositions in the Hertzprung-Russell diagram by factors of 160 forWolf-Rayet stars and 11 for C-type stars.
| The interstellar 217 NM band - A third catalogue of equivalent widths
A catalog of equivalent widths of the 217 nm interstellar absorptionband as well as other parameters characterizing the extinction curve inthe ultraviolet has been compiled for 790 O and B stars. A relativelytight correlation between the equivalent width of the 217 nm band andE(B-V) indicates that the absorber of this band is connected with thepopulation of larger interstellar grains responsible for the visualextinction. The parameter characterizing the amount of extinction in thefar UV is only weakly correlated with E(B-V), a result in accord withthe assumption that a second population of very small grains causes therapid increase of the far-UV extinction.
| O-B2-STARS with Large Circumstellar Obscuration
Not Available
| Early-type stars in OB associations in the infrared. II - A discussion of density and temperature distributions in stellar winds
Numerical computations of the infrared flux distribution in early-typestars with mass loss are presented. After assuming that infraredradiation is due both to the stellar photosphere and to free-free andfree-bound transitions in the ionized stellar wind, the influence ofmass-loss rate and wind velocity-law on the infrared flux is studied. Asignificant infrared excess over the photospheric flux will only beobserved when the mass-loss rate is larger than about 10 to the -6thsolar masses/yr, and/or when the velocity gradient is moderate. Bymatching computed and observed flux distributions, the velocity law of asample of OB stars with spectral types ranging from O4 to B2 isinvestigated. While the velocity law derived from the infrared flux of Ostars is consistent with that expected from a radiatively-driven wind,early B stars show, on the average, a smoother velocity gradient.
| Mass loss rates for northern OB-stars
A mass loss survey of 44 O- and early B-type stars in northern OBassociations is presented. For 22 stars mass loss rates were derivedfrom H-alpha equivalent widths using the method of Klein and Castor(1978). For 15 stars upper limits of the mass loss rates were estimated.For the remaining 7 stars H-alpha and H-beta equivalent width values aregiven but no quantitative evaluation of M-dot was possible. The resultsare compared with present ideas concerning the relation between massloss and other basic stellar parameters.
| Early-type stars in OB associations in the infrared. I Extinction law and IR excesses
Observations have been made of 82 early-type stars of OB associations inthe infrared (JHKLM). The law of interstellar extinction isinvestigated. The empirical reddening curve (with R = 3.13) is found tobe in close agreement with van de Hulst's (1949) theoretical curve No.15. This law is generally valid for the OB associations considered. Themeasured infrared magnitudes were dereddened with this extinction law,and compared with the prediction of model atmospheres. Significantinfrared excesses due to circumstellar free-free radiation are found fora large number of stars. The strongest IR excess (about 0.5 mag in M) isfound for the Of-type stars HD 108, HD 151804, and HD 152408. In late Bsupergiants no significant excess radiation is detectable. However, thevery luminous hypergiants HD 168607 and HD 168625 do show excessradiation of about 0.2 mag in M.
| Exciting stars and the distances of the diffuse nebulae
Not Available
| The initial mass function for massive stars
A machine readable catalog of over 750 galactic O stars with publishedphotometry, spectral types, and luminosity classes has been compiled.The catalog is probably complete to a distance of about 2.5 kpc. Fromthis volume-limited data, the initial mass function (IMF) for stars moremassive than 20 solar masses has been derived. This IMF differs fromthat of Miller and Scalo (1979) and of Lequeux (1979), in havingproportionately more O type stars and not as steep a fall-off in numberof stars with increasing mass. Dividing the sample into stars inside andoutside the solar circle, a substantial difference in the IMF of themost massive stars is found. There are proportionally more toward thegalactic center. This gradient in the IMF may be related to the observedspace density of Wolf-Rayet stars, which are descendants of O typestars.
| Ring nebulae associated with Of stars - Statistics, classification, origin
The ring nebulae associated with galactic Of stars is considered on thegrounds of the list of Of nebulae proposed by Lozinskaya and Lomovsky(1982). Taking into account the selection effects, about 80% of Of starsare shown to be associated with H II regions and about 30-50% of theseregions have shell structures. Four types of nebulae associated with Ofstars are resolved: amorphous H II regions, ring-like H II regions,wind-blown bubbles, and stellar ejectas. These types appear to beidentical to the morphology of nebulae around WR stars proposed by Chu(1981). Observational data are presented and the nature of a number ofOf ring nebulae of different types is discussed.
| A search for ring nebulae around Of stars
The Palomar Sky Survey prints have been used in a search for ringnebulae produced by the stellar wind, which involved the examination ofthe fields around 72 types of Of stars. It is found that for about halfof these stars, such ring nebulae as might exist would probably beunobservable because of the heavy absorption of bright H-alphabackground emission. Nevertheless, the H II regions surrounding 14 ofthe Of stars are found to exhibit ringlike structure.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Vulpecula |
| Right ascension: | 19h45m40.64s |
| Declination: | +25°07'36.1" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 9.598 |
| Proper motion RA: | -1 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -1.6 |
| B-T magnitude: | 10.904 |
| V-T magnitude: | 9.706 |
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INHABITED SKY
